The trabecular micro-bypass stent is a highly cost-saving strategy due to more QALYs related to a lower rate of the population with loss of visual acuity in the long-term, and because the costs associated with additional medications and complications are lower with trabecular micro-bypass stents.

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Conclusions: Adopting the suggestion from clinical pharmacists could improve the prognosis of serious ID patients with liver dysfunction, the outcomes of who are usually poor. Our study suggests that CPC could benefit ID treatment.

Background. The recent and available evidence on the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes, which affects the effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), suggest that additional health economic studies will be important for better understanding of potential economic benefits of pneumococcal vaccination. Methods A cohort simulation model was used for new births in Colombia between 2019-2022 and adults over 65 years, from social perspective (direct and indirect costs). The time horizon was a life expectancy and discount rate for costs and benefits of 5%. The outcomes were presented in terms of avoided pneumococcal diseases ─ Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD), Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), Acute Otitis Media (AOM), and sequelae─, years of life gained (AVG) and herd effect in older adults.Results. Based on data from National Data of the serotype distribution between 2017-2019, PCV10 covers 5% of serotypes while PCV13 63%. The additional cases that PCV13 would prevent are in children: 1,205 cases of IPD, 60,274 of CAP, 26,619 of AOM, 3,980 deaths, 28 cases of neuromotor disability and 1,251 cochlear implants. In older adults, PCV13 would prevent 818 additional cases of IPD and 29,983 of CAP, generating 149,186 additional LYGs to those of PCV10 with a saving to the health system and patients of US $ 169,261 thousand. The model shows robustness in the sensibility analysis.Conclusion. PCV13 is a cost-saving strategy versus PCV10 to prevent pneumococcal diseases.

OBJECTIVES: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis. However its effectiveness is shown to be variable depending on age of the recipient and the geographical settings. A valid cost effectiveness study is needed to help decision makers implementing the most cost-effective strategy for BCG vaccination. The aim of this study is to systematically review the outcomes of the pharmacoeconomic studies of BCG vaccination and assess the quality and consistency of the study results. METHODS: We comprehensively searched PUBMED and EMBASE. We included studies that performed economic evaluation on BCG vaccination and were written in English. We used the Quality of Health Economic Studies(QHES) instrument to assess the quality of the included studies. RESULTS: Twenty-one articles were included in the review. There was a high level of heterogeneity of applying BCG-vaccine within the studies regarding specific strategies followed, participants, type of vaccines, comparators, and study designs. Thirteen studies evaluated universal strategy, six studies evaluated targeted or otherwise specific strategies, and the remaining articles assessed revaccination strategies. Most of the studies evaluated licensed BCG-vaccines in the market while four articles assessed the effectiveness of hypothetical vaccines. The quality of the studies varied, but the majority were of high to satisfactory quality. However, not all studies used optimal sources for the input parameters. Additionally, the potential of bias, probably interfering with the results, was rarely discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the studies showed a favorable economic profile of BCG vaccination. A selective strategy seems most cost effective to be applied in low incidence areas. Varying results on revaccination strategies could not lead to a conclusive finding on the cost effectiveness of BCG vaccination. Future economic evaluations should better consider optimal sources for input parameters and cover the issue of potential bias in results.