The "European Pharmacopoeia VII" [13] includes only the leaf (Betulae folium) as the official drug part of B. pendula (in Romanian: "mesteacăn"), but the leaf, the bark (B. cortex), the bud and its essential oil (B. gemma, B. gemmae aetheroleum) are also commonly used in the official phytotherapy nowadays [14]. However, the official "Romanian Pharmacopoeia AbstractThe aim of this work is to evaluate the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological use of Betula pendula Roth in various regions of Transylvania, in East and Central Romania. Silver birch is an important pioneer species in the country, which has traditionally been used in ethnomedicine, households and various customs. Among the ethnic groups, 55 informants from the Csángós and 68 from the Székelys were interviewed in six villages during field studies occurring between 2007 and 2012. Informants were asked questions about the medical and non-medical applications of B. pendula, focusing on the use of the leaf and woody parts in tools and customs, and on the collection and use of birch sap with its temporal change in local ethnomedicinal knowledge. Differences related to the use of birch among the studied areas were observed. The folk remedies prepared from the sap ("virics") and leaves were documented in local customs, with similar symbolic roles assigned to birch used in other countries. Sap collection was performed during interviews and by manual means. Four special section types on the trunk were presented, and data concerning the nutritional and ethnomedicinal use of the sap was recorded. Both the significance and use of birch sap have drastically decreased in Transylvania due to the appearance of new phytotherapeutical sources and to social changes caused by migration of young people. We found that this phenomenon is gradually leading to the disappearance traditional harvesting techniques, frequency of use and ethnomedicinal knowledge concerning B. pendula in the studied regions.

In this study, we carried out a performance analysis of green bond portfolios available from public databases for the period between 2017 and 2020. The aim of our research was to obtain empirical proof for the existence of the green premium, which was confirmed by risk-adjusted indicators, i.e. the Sharpe ratio, the M2 ratio and the Sortino ratio. The green premium is the return differential that can be measured between green and conventional financial instruments. According to the literature, investors are willing to forego 1 to 9 basis points of their returns in the interests of financing climate targets, to cover the issuer’s extra costs incurred from green bond ratings and reporting obligations. Our results confirmed that the green bond portfolio underperforms benchmark indices by an average green premium of 2 basis points. We only found a single green bond fund that did not involve a green premium and was capable of achieving a risk-adjusted excess return. Nevertheless, it is noted that all of the indicators used showed that the average performance of green bonds improved steadily each year in the period under review.

Introduction: This paper undertakes to investigate the connection between two approaches to scoring translation by examining 115 test papers of the translation component of the C1 level PROFEX English for Medical Purposes (EMP) exam. The main objective of the study is to reveal whether, and to what extent, the method of assessment infl uences the score. Material and method:The test papers were scored independently by two experienced raters according to the marking scale of the PROFEX EMP exam, then holistic scoring was carried out by a third rater, who was uninformed of the offi cial scores for the test papers. Correlations were calculated, fi rst between the holistic scores and the offi cial scores based on the combined holistic and discrete point approach, then between other components of the written part of PROFEX EMP exam (reading comprehension and writing) and the holistic scores and the scores reached with the combined method, respectively. Results: A strong correlation has been revealed between the scores achieved by the purely holistic method and those assessed with the combined holistic and discrete point approach. The holistic method was shown to be slightly more reliable than the combined approach. Conclusion:The study has revealed that the method of assessment does not signifi cantly infl uence the score in the evaluation of translation in the PROFEX EMP exam.

AbsztraktA tanulásnak kiemelt szerepe lehet különböző települések, térségek életében, jövőjük alakításában. Azokban a térségekben, melyekre kevésbé jellemző az aktív tanulási tevékenység, ott a jövő is kockázatosabbá válhat. Dolgozatunk célja az, hogy szemléltessük: egy hátrányos helyzetű térség tekintetében milyen szerepet tölthet be a hátrányok leküzdésében a közösségi és kulturális tanulás. A makói járásban található Földeák községet vetettük vizsgálat alá: olyan kitörési pontokat kerestünk a kulturális és közösségi tanulás terén, melyek segíthetik a térség, a járás és a település hátrányos helyzetének csökkentését, esetleges leküzdését. Kutatásunk során kvalitatív és kvantitatív módszereket is használtunk: a Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, valamint A tanuló régiók Magyarországon kutatás (LeaRn) adatainak másodelemzése mellett félig-strukturált interjút készítettünk. AbstractThe purpose of this publication is to illustrate the role of the community and cultural learning in addressing disadvantages in a disadvantaged region. We investigated Földeák, a village in the Makó District, Hungary. We have sought break-out points for cultural and community learning that can help to reduce the disadvantages of the region, the district and the settlement. During our research we used qualitative and quantitative methods as well. During our quantitative investigation two databases were analyzed: the TEIR Database and the Learning Regions in Hungary Research (LeaRn). Besides the quantitative examination we made a semi-structured interview in Földeák during which we tried to reveal the causes and phenomena behind the numbers and data of the quantitative research. We have been looking for a prominent civilian who has been actively involved in the transformation of the life and the community of the settlement for decades.

Jelen tanulmányban egy nyilvános adatbázisokból elérhető zöldkötvény-portfólió teljesítményelemzését végeztük el a 2017 és 2020 közötti időszakra. Kutatásunk célja a zöld prémium létezésének empirikus bizonyítása volt, melyet kockázattal korrigált mutatószámokkal, azaz a Sharpe-rátával, az M2-mutatóval és a Sortino-rátával igazoltunk. A zöld prémium az a hozamkülönbség, amely a zöld- és a konvencionális pénzügyi eszközök között mérhető. Szakirodalmak szerint a befektetők hajlandóak lemondani 1–9 bázispontú hozamról a klímacélok finanszírozásának érdekében, hogy a kibocsátó a zöldkötvények minősítésével és a jelentési kötelezettséggel járó extraköltségeit fedezzék. Eredményeink megerősítették, hogy a zöldkötvény-portfólió átlagosan 2 bázispontú zöld prémiummal teljesíti alul a benchmark-indexeket. Mindössze egyetlen olyan zöldkötvény-alapot találtunk, amelyikben nincsen zöld prémium, és képes kockázattal korrigált többlethozam elérésére. Megjegyezzük ugyanakkor, hogy a zöldkötvények átlagos teljesítménye a vizsgált időszakban évről évre javult az alkalmazott mutatók mindegyike szerint.