No abstract

The review focuses on breeding practices aimed at improving resistance to diseases and health disorders that are associated with better efficiency, welfare and longevity of cows. It is commonly known that diseases like mastitis, foot and claw disorders, metabolic and reproductive issues seriously violate dairy cows’ well-being. The cause of prevailing health and fertility deterioration has been the intensive selection merely based on higher milk production starting after the Second World War. Therefore since the last decades of the 20th-century genetic selection programs have been increasingly focused on increasing resistance to diseases and improving fertility traits using several omics techniques, including genomics. The first steps for maintaining the goal of genetic breeding for disease resistance were the introduction of disease data collection at national levels followed by an elaboration of gene evaluation systems. It was proved that diseases exhibit additive genetic variability exploitable in the breeding. For greater breeding efficiency, the indicator traits are used, which were strongly genetically correlated with health traits, have higher heritability, and above all, are usually easily measurable at low cost. Genome-wide association studies have identified several polymorphisms associated with disease liability that could also be used for speeding up selection efforts. Keywords: cow; clinical mastitis; foot and claw disease; metabolic disease; genomics

The inclusion of animal genotype data has contributed to the development of genomic selection. Animals are selected not only based on pedigree and phenotypic data but also on the basis of information about their genotypes. Genomic information helps to increase the accuracy of selection of young animals and thus enables a reduction of the generation interval. Obtaining information about genotypes in the form of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) has led to the development of new chips for genotyping. Several methods of genomic comparison have been developed as a result. One of the methods is data imputation, which allows the missing SNPs to be calculated using low-density chips to high-density chips. Through imputations, it is possible to combine information from diverse sets of chips and thus obtain more information about genotypes at a lower cost. Increasing the amount of data helps increase the reliability of predicting genomic breeding values. Imputation methods are increasingly used in genome-wide association studies. When classical genotyping and genome-wide sequencing data are combined, this option helps to increase the chances of identifying loci that are associated with economically significant traits.

Background: Numerous recent studies have shown that ticks and tick-borne pathogens pose a considerable threat in urban areas, such as parks, playgrounds, zoos, cemeteries, etc. Abandoned postindustrial localities, and other types of vague terrain, are other examples of urban wilderness areas that have been absolutely neglected in respect to ticks and tick-borne pathogens thus far, even though they provide ideal biotopes for ticks. Methods: The abundance of ticks and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes were compared between a city park and an adjacent abandoned construction waste disposal site in Prague, Czechia from June to October 2021. Results: The results showed that ticks and borrelia spirochetes are present at the city park as well as at the abandoned construction waste disposal site, although in lower numbers. Discussion: According to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the presence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in an urban postindustrial landscape. More detailed studies are needed to uncover the role of these localities in the ecology of ticks and ecoepidemiology of tick-borne diseases in urban areas.

Климова Анастасия Андреевна магистрант экономического факультета aa_klimova@list.ru Кубанский государственный аграрный университет имени И.Т.Трубилина, Краснодар, Россия Учитывая плюралистическую природу процесса интерпретации современными теоретиками отдель-ных элементов экономической действительности, основной целью данной статьи манифестируется необходимость уточнения целостности и однород-ности подходов ученных к объективному отраже-нию реалий экономики. За основу исследования в настоящей работе выбрана категория «издержки постоянные», на примере которой показана диффе-ренциация взглядов экономистов-теоретиков, что, по мнению автора статьи, создает трудности в уни-фикации трактовок экономической системы, и в связи с чем, тема статьи приобретает особую акту-альность. Для доказательства наличия дихотомии взглядов, в рамках научной статьи проведен анализ генеральной совокупности источников теорий по поводу природы постоянства издержек постоянных, и на базе эксплуатации математико-статистического аппарата раскрыта каждая сторона существующих концепций. Предполагая, что качественная и досто-верная информация на уровне управленческой дея-тельности -залог принятия грамотных и обосно-ванных управленческих решений, по результатам анализа для преодоления искаженности генерируе-мой объективации разработан интегральный подход к пониманию категории постоянных издержек. Ин-тегральный подход аргументируется допустимостью существования нескольких точек зрения и возмож-ностью сведения их к одной, что представляет собой научную новизну работы Ключевые слова: ПОСТОЯННЫЕ ИЗДЕРЖКИ, ОБЪЕМ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА, СЕБЕСТОИМОСТЬ, ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ, КОРРЕЛЯЦИЯ, ОБЛАСТЬ РЕЛЕВАНТНОСТИ