No abstract

Urinalysis is the examination of normal and abnormal constituents of urine. It is an easy, cheap, and vital initial diagnostic test for veterinarians. Complete urinalysis includes the examination of color, odor, turbidity, volume, pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelial cells, casts, crystal, and organisms. Semi-quantitative urine analysis with urine dipsticks, as well as an automatic analyzer, provides multiple biochemical data. Contamination is almost entirely avoided if the protocols for ensuring a proper sample have been followed, as mentioned still consideration must be given to the likelihood of contamination, even if the sample is correctly obtained. Interpretation of urinalysis will be doubtful if the knowledge of the interference is limited. Well-standardized urinalysis, when correlated in the context of history, clinical findings, and other diagnostic test results, can identify both renal and non-renal disease. This paper reviews significance of different components of urinalysis of dog and cat, such as collection, storage, examination, interpretation, and common causes of error in the result.

Cutaneous lesions in human patient due to the bite of rat mite Ornithonyssus bacoti are frequently misdiagnosed as allergies, fungal infection, or bacterial infection. Bite lesions in the personnel working in a Laboratory Animal facility which was infested with O. bacoti is reported here along with its therapeutic management. Diagnosis of the parasites obtained from the clothing of the personnel and later from the infested mice colony was based on preliminary light microscopy and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The mean length and breadth of adult female mite were 1.13 mm × 0.63 mm. The body is hairy, unsegmented and has four pairs of legs. The gnathostoma has long pointed chelicerae and pedipalp. The dorsal surface has one dorsal shield, and the ventral surface has three shields- sternal, genital and anal shield. Treatment of dermatitis involved antihistaminic drugs for a period of 3-5 days. The skin lesion, characterized by papular erythema, tends to disappear within a period of 4-5 days of antihistaminic treatment. In untreated cases, the lesions disappeared within 7-10 days. Tropical rat mite O. bacoti Hirst, 1931 was identified to be the cause of infestation in the laboratory mice colony of Pasteur Institute of India, Coonoor, Tamil Nadu, predisposing the animal handlers to be temporary host.

Blood collection for assessment of stress markers such as cortisol, involves restraining and induction of stress on animals. The present study examined the relationship between circulating cortisol levels with its levels in other biological sources (saliva, urine, faeces) to assess utility of non-invasive methods of sample collection for stress assessment in crossbred pigs (Hampshire × Ghungroo). Urine samples were collected after 1 and 2 h of blood and saliva collection, whereas faecal samples were collected after 24 and 48 h of initial sample collection. Mean cortisol levels in plasma and saliva was positively correlated. The correlation between plasma cortisol and second hour mean urinary cortisol values was higher compared to first hour samples. The faecal reactive metabolite levels were weakly correlated to plasma, saliva and urinary cortisol levels. It is concluded that the salivary cortisol values reflect its plasma levels at the time of collection most closely amongst the biological samples studied.

The aim was to study the seroconversion and development of egg yolk immunoglobulins in adult laying White Leghorn hens immunized against an isolate of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) bearing K91 and K88ac antigens, obtained from diarrheic piglet.Materials and Methods: Adult laying White Leghorn hens were immunized with inactivated enterotoxic E. coli strain isolated originally from a case of piglet diarrhea following recommended schedule. The development of whole antibodies and isotype-specific antibodies in serum and egg yolk were measured using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Piglets suffering from diarrhea with fecal samples positive for ETEC were fed with egg yolk and compared with diarrheic control group. Results:The serum and egg yolk ELISA antibody titer against E. coli strain used in the present study was as high as 2666.66±307.92 and 933.33±203.67 respectively on 50 day-post-vaccination (DPV). The immunoglobulin Y (IgY) was the predominant isotype in serum and egg yolk, which reached the peak titer of 2200±519.61 in serum on 40 DPV and 800±244.94 in egg yolk on 50 DPV. IgM titer in serum and egg yolk was found to be meager, and no IgA could be detected. Diarrheic piglets fed with the egg yolk suspension from immunized hens showed a promising result in controlling diarrhea. Conclusion:Egg yolk antibodies are considered a suitable immunotherapeutic alternative to conventional antibiotic therapy. High titer of egg yolk antibodies raised in the immunized hen against an isolate of ETEC holds the potential to be used for passive protection of diarrheic piglets during their most susceptible period of infection.