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Objective:The objective of present study is to enhance solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble bacoside A present in Bacopa monnieri extract using self nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.Methods: Solubility of the drug was assessed in various oils (edible as well as synthetic oil), surfactant and co-surfactant by saturation solubility study. Pseudo-ternary phase diagram was used to obtain appropriate concentration ranges of components include oil, surfactant and co-surfactant.Results: From the result of saturated solubility study and phase diagram, oleic acid, tween 20 and ethanol was selected as oil, surfactant and cosurfactant. The D-Optimal mixture design was used to optimize the formulation on the basis of solubility of drug and dilution potential. In vitro dissolution, study showed 89% of drug release from optimized SNEDDS formulation compared to untreated drug extract with 24% of drug release in 60 min. Ex vivo diffusion study showed more than 90% of drug diffused from optimized SNEDDS formulation compared to pure extract. Conclusion:In a nutshell, the developed SNEDDS formulation using the design of experimentation approach held great potential as a possible alternative to traditional oral formulations of poorly soluble Bacoside A to improve solubility and bioavailability.

Introduction: Evaluation and follow-up of patients with renal diseases is commonly done by renal ultrasonography. Renal size is influenced by some factors such as age, height, weight, body mass index and ethnicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the normal range of dimensions of kidney, like length, width, thickness & volume and its correlation with age, sex, height, weight and body mass index in population of eastern Odisha by Ultrasonography. Material & Methods: Ultrasound was performed on 223 subjects. Initially the image was taken in supine and later in both lateral decubitus position. The measurements of kidney were taken from the freezed images in longitudinal axis and the transverse section obtained at the level of the renal hilum. Results: In 63.68% cases the kidney length and in 81.17% cases, the kidney volume was larger on left side. A decline trend in all the measurements of parameters beyond 50 years was observed in the present study. However, the mean volume on both sides had a slight increasing trend in 61-70 years age group.

Integrity of the glenoid cavity of scapula is needed for free movement of the upper limb. It is commonly affected by osteoarthritis and trauma. Arthroplasty which is the mode of treatment requires a proper and perfect prosthesis for better function of the joint. The measurements of glenoid cavity vary in different races and locality. The present study is to observe the dimensions of glenoid cavity of scapula in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

Renal size like length measured by ultrasound and volume measured by CT could be used to monitor the progress of chronic kidney diseases. Multi-Slice Computed Tomography (MSCT) has a growing importance in the evaluation of Kidney morphology and its vessels. But there is a risk of contrast media-induced nephropathy and exposure to radiation. Volume measured by CT is better than the length measured by CT.