Mothers' and fathers' cultural socialization and bias preparation with older (M=13.9 years) and younger (M=10.31 years) siblings were studied in 162 two-parent, African American families. Analyses examined whether parental warmth and offspring age and gender were linked to parental practices and whether parents' warmth, spouses' racial socialization, or youth age or gender moderated links between racial socialization and youth outcomes. Parental warmth was linked to parents' socialization. Mothers engaged in more socialization with older offspring, and fathers more with sons. Mothers' cultural socialization was positively related to youth ethnic identity and fathers' was negatively related to youth depression symptoms. Youth exhibited a lower locus of control when mothers were high but fathers were low in racial socialization.

It is argued that while researchers have emphasized work's impact on the family, the family exerts important influences on the workplace that have been generally overlooked. This article draws upon evidence of family-to-work spillover from a recent exploratory field study in a large manufacturing plant. Semistructured interviews with 55 employees, both on the job and at home, revealed that most employees recognized that their family lives influenced them at work. Analyses of variance examining positive and negative spillover from home to work suggested that women with young children at home are most likely to report high levels of spillover, in contrast to mothers of older children and to fathers regardless of their position in the family life cycle.

Job satisfaction is one of the most frequently studied outcomes in the work-family conflict literature. This study extends the previous research examining the unique effects of work interfering with family (WIF) and family interfering with work (FIW) on job satisfaction by (1) controlling for family, personal, and job characteristics of dual-earner couples, (2) employing cross-sectional and longitudinal methods, and (3) predicting job satisfaction with a spousal rating of the target's WIF. Consistent with previous research, WIF was related to job satisfaction cross-sectionally for men and women, and this effect existed beyond negative mood, job autonomy and monotony, and FIW. When predicting a change in job satisfaction a year later, and when using spouse rating of the target's WIF, WIF was predictive of women's job satisfaction but not men's, which is consistent with gender role theory. The fact that WIF predicted job satisfaction for women beyond affective and job characteristic variables, over time, and with non-self reported measures, provides more confidence in this directional relationship than could previously be assumed. Societal and managerial implications are discussed.

We review research on the family's role in gender development during childhood and adolescence. Our discussion highlights children's dyadic family relationship experiences with their parents and siblings; additionally, we describe ways in which the larger system of family relationships, including gendered dynamics in the marriage and the differential family experiences of sisters versus brothers may have implications for gender development. We also emphasize the significance of contextual factors-ranging from situational demands and affordances to forces emanating from the larger social ecology-in family gender socialization. We conclude that family experiences may have a more important impact on gender development than has previously been believed, and we highlight directions for future study. These include: (1) applying more complex models of parent socialization and family dynamics to the study of the family's role in gender development; (2) expanding on research directed at the socialization of sex differences to study how family dynamics are linked to individual differences in girls' and boys' gendered qualities and behaviors; and (3) further exploring how contextual factors exert an impact on gender socialization in the family.In this paper we review research and theory on the family's role in gender development during childhood and adolescence. Grounded in traditional models of socialization, specifically social learning and psychoanalytic perspectives, much of this work has focused on parents' differential treatment of girls versus boys and stressed the ways in which parents interact with their children as a potentially important basis for sex differences.

We compared the extent of parents' differential treatment (PDT) and girls' and boys' perceptions of parents' fairness in middle childhood and adolescence as a function of the gender constellation of the sibling dyad. Further, we examined links between PDT in three domains, parental warmth, parents' temporal involvement, and the allocation of household tasks, and both siblings' self esteem and positivity in the sibling relationship. Participants were mothers, fathers and both first-and secondborn siblings from 385 families. To collect information on siblings' family experiences and wellbeing, family members were interviewed individually in their homes. During the subsequent 2-3 weeks, 7 evening telephone interviews also were conducted; these focused on siblings' daily activities. Analyses revealed different patterns of PDT for siblings as a function of age and gender constellation, stronger links with self esteem and sibling positivity for perceptions of fairness than for PDT, and different patterns of association with self esteem and sibling relations across domains of PDT. We emphasize the importance of studying the processes through which PDT experiences have implications for siblings.