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In this paper, we develop and estimate a model of violence between romantically linked men and women. Physical violence is viewed as both a source of direct gratification and as an instrument for controlling the victim's behavior. Our model is a Stackleberg type model in which the assailant maximizes expected utility subject to the stochastic reaction function of the victim. Our model is estimated by a bounded-influence regression technique because the process generating violence appears to lead to a heavy-tailed error distribution. Our empirical results suggest that increases in the assailants (i.e. the male's) income serve to increase violence, while increases in the proportion of the year that he is employed serve to decrease violence. Further, the employment effect is larger than the income effect. y way of contrast, our results suggest that the effect of a change in the female's employment or income depends heavily on her economic status relative to the male's. Finally,we find that improvements in the female's opportunites outside the relationship significantly reduce the level of violence.

In this paper we develop a survival time model in which the probability of eventual failure is less than one1 and in which both the probability of eventual failure and the timing of failure depend (separately) on individual characteristics. We apply this model to data on the timing of return to prison for a sample of prison releasees4 and we use it to make predictions of whether or not individuals return to prison. Our predictions are more accurate than previous predictions of criminal recidivism. The model we develop has potential applications in economics; for example it could be used to model the probability of default and the timing of default on loans,

Crohn's disease in the proximal region of the digestive tract is uncommon. Better diagnostically procedures and more careful histologic examination has led to a higher detection of proximal Crohn's disease. The diagnosis is based on symptoms, endoscopy with serial sections, or double contrast radiography. The most common histologic finding for this diagnosis are granulomas in the mucosa in Helicobacter pylori-negative patients, but the granulomas are not always frequently detected. Endoscopic lesions in the proximal regions look like the lesions that could be found in the distal regions. Notching in the duodenal folds could be a strong indication for Crohn's desease. Radiological lesions are not always characteristic, but should be used in combination with endoscopy. Stenosis is an important complication, but fistula formation and pseudodiverticular formation is possible. There is no uniform medical therapy, but the regular anti-inflammatory management for Crohn's disease is most often used. Sometimes surgery is needed.