Highlights Data and models were reviewed to estimate energy consumption in potable water reuse. Entire reuse schemes, both direct and indirect, require 1.2 to 2.1 kWh/m 3 . Lowest-energy options include non-RO indirect and RO-based direct potable reuse. Potable reuse requires much less energy than seawater desalination. Pipe network updates and high-permeability membranes would reduce energy use.