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When you go to the doctor for a routine blood test, or when you have an appendectomy, tonsillectomy or any other kind of ectomy for that matter, the stuff you leave behind doesn't always get thrown out. Doctors, hospitals and laboratories keep them. Some get consent with admission forms that say something like, I give my doctor permission to dispose of my tissues or use th em in research. Others don't. Some of them don't even know what they are giving consent for and the kind of access the researcher gains with this consent.

A total number of 1,524,161 active cases, 92,941 deaths, and 213 countries have been affected worldwide by COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as of 11th April 2020. Much can be attributed to the virus’ structural protein, S protein, which determines its host range and tissue tropism and aids its rapid spread. This review aims to summarize numerous researches carried out with respect to the complex and resistant structure of SARS-CoV-2 in addition to the researches performed on various antivirals on the basis of drug repurposing, to aid in better understanding for future researches, clinical trials, and treatment protocols

Lemmel syndrome is an uncommon pancreaticobiliary consequence of duodenal diverticula. We herein present a case of an 80-year-old male who presented with upper abdominal discomfort. Based on lab values and relevant clinical history, a diagnosis of obstructive jaundice was made. A contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen revealed gross dilatation of intra-hepatic and extra-hepatic bile duct, cystic duct, common bile duct, major and minor pancreatic duct. A contrast-filled outpouching was seen from the medial wall of the second part of the duodenum with duodenal diverticulum and papilla within it. The abrupt termination of the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct adjacent to the thickened wall of the diverticulum was the cause of the patient's pancreaticobiliary obstruction. In the absence of cholelithiasis or tumor, the duodenal diverticulum that manifests as obstructive jaundice is known as Lemmel syndrome. Prompt identification of Lemmel syndrome can avoid dangerous complications and unnecessary investigations. Gallstones, cholangitis, and bile duct stones are more common in patients with duodenal diverticula. Treatment depends on patient presentation and may involve conservative management, surgical procedures in the form of excision of the diverticulum, or even endoscopic sphincterotomy or stenting.