Hyperreflective retinal spots ≤30 μm, reflectivity similar to nerve fiber layer, and absence of back shadowing may represent activated microglial cells; HRS >30 μm, reflectivity similar to retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch complex, presence of back shadowing, and location in the outer retina may represent hard exudate; HRS >30 μm, presence of back shadowing, and location in the inner retina may represent microaneurysms. These hypotheses may be tested in further studies.

No abstract

Early remodelling of type 1 CNV network after treatment may be non-invasively and reproducibly analysed by means of OCTA. Choroidal perfusion impairment, choroidal flow void signal, surrounding CNV may change during treatment.

The extent has become an important parameter for monitoring DME, with or without treatment. The extent of DME well correlates with functional data, mainly retinal sensitivity. Retromode SLO can be reliably and easily used in the evaluation of DME extent, avoiding the use of invasive FA.

A new technique for localized ERG is proposed, based on Ulbricht's principle of a uniformly illuminated sphere. According to this principle the illumination of a sphere by stray-light is equal in all parts, regardless as to where the light is located within the sphere.Two perfectly alternating stimuli produced by a square wave light stimulate two points of the retina; according to be Ulbricht's effect the amount of straylight is considered constant under these conditions. Thus, two electric responses are obtained, which, we believe, originate only from the two stimulated retinal points.A long series of responses is averaged by a computer. The possible advantages and disadvantages of this method over previously described methods eliciting focal ERG are discussed.The electroretinogram (ERG) is an expression of a retinal mass response to a strong light stimulus. This is because the light stimulus necessary to obtain an ERG recordable with traditional methods, has to be too strong; the stimulated retina is then not limited to the area on which the light stimulus fails but rather the whole retina participates in the response because of scattered light diffusing in all directions from the stimulated area. There is also dispersion of light through the media and light filtering through the sclera.Computers introduced new possibilities of obtaining a localized ERG.Light stimuli sufficiently small in size and low in intensity to produce a negligible amount of stray light would produce electrical potentials too low to be detected by routine oscilloscopic methods.