Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have now had 20 years of experience with community policing programmes (COP), yet high rates of public crime and violence, police violence and corruption, as well as public distrust of the police continue. The introduction to this special issue frames a set of contributions that, together, tell the story of COP's problems and promise in the region. It argues that, in Latin America and the Caribbean, COP is often locally and regionally (mis)appropriated in ways that challenge common assumptions both of what COP is and of what it can be in contemporary highly unequal politico-economic systems. Indeed, regional and local specificities mean that COP has been used as much to legitimise harsh policing tactics, as it has been used to undertake serious reforms. At the same time, there are directions for general improvements that have the potential of a wide impact.
What are the conditions underlying successful implementation of participatory security mechanisms? Drawing on the case of Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl and from the notion of social embeddedness, we argue that participatory security reforms that aim to include citizens in defining security priorities allow for better adoption of reforms in practice. Local level reforms are not implemented in a social vacuum but rather in pre-existing social networks that are key to their adoption in practice by citizens. However, not all social networks are equal, nor do they operate in the same manner. In ‘Neza’, it is through existing clientelistic networks and socially embedded local brokers that the redes vecinales were implemented and adopted by citizens, leading to varied reform adoption patterns at the very local level.
En utilisant une approche microsociologique et en s’appuyant sur deux études de cas, celles de Rio de Janeiro au Brésil et de Nezahualcóyotl au Mexique, le présent papier soutient que l’expérience vécue dans les programmes de police dits démocratiques peut être différente de — voire contraire à — l’image générale dépeinte par les autorités publiques et par les médias. Dans les cas « à succès » recensés au Brésil et au Mexique, des pratiques policières non démocratiques subsistent, mais sont invisibilisées par divers mécanismes. La première partie de cette contribution offre une définition de ce que serait un programme de police démocratique « à succès » selon la littérature en mettant l’accent sur les pratiques attendues d’un tel programme ainsi que sur les indicateurs de sa réussite. La seconde partie présente quant à elle les limites de cette définition du succès, démontrant qu’un changement de focale dévoile les dessous non démocratiques des pratiques policières.
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