Application of sequential solvent extraction and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation in combination with the taste dilution analysis, followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy and 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance experiments revealed 11 flavon-3-ol-O-glycosides as the key astringent and mouthdrying compounds in blanched leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Among these, in particular, 3′,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6:7-methylendioxy-flavon-4′-O-β-D-glucuronide (3), 5-hydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-6:7-methylendioxy-flavon-4′-O-β-D-glucuronide (11), and patuletin-3-O-β-Dglucopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) were found with the highest taste dilution factors. By means of the halftongue test, the human taste thresholds of these astringent molecules were determined to be between 3.0 and 69.0 μmol/l (in water) with the lowest threshold found for the mouth-drying glucuronide (11). Although the glucuronides exhibited rather different taste thresholds, they showed rather similar human dose/response functions.

We present new H I spectral line images of the nearby low-mass galaxy NGC 5238, acquired with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA a ). Located at a distance of 4.51 ± 0.04 Mpc, NGC 5238 is an actively star-forming galaxy with widespread Hα and UV continuum emission. The source is included in many ongoing and recent nearby galaxy surveys, but until this work the spatially resolved qualities of its neutral interstellar medium have remained unstudied. Our H I images resolve the disk on physical scales of ∼400 pc, allowing us to undertake a detailed comparative study of the gaseous and stellar components. The H I disk is asymmetric in the outer regions, and the areas of high H I mass surface density display a crescent-shaped morphology that is slightly offset from the center of the stellar populations. The H I column density exceeds 10 21 cm −2 in much of the disk. We quantify the degree of co-spatiality of dense H I gas and sites of ongoing star formation as traced by far-UV and Hα emission. The neutral gas kinematics are complex; using a spatially-resolved positionvelocity analysis, we infer a rotational velocity of 31 ± 5 km s −1 . We place NGC 5238 on the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation and contextualize the system amongst other low-mass galaxies.