<p>BACKGROUND<br />Catechins inhibits apoptosis through anti oxidant and anti inflamation pathway. Catechins also increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). There was a few research that explained the role of catechins in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of catechins administration on neurologic severity score (NSS) through apoptosis and neurotropic pathway in traumatic brain injury rat model.</p><p>METHODS<br />A post test only controlled group design was performed using traumatic brain injury rat (Rattus novergicus) model through weight drop models. It was devided into negative control group, positive control group, TBI+catechins 513 mg/kgBW, TBI+catechins 926 mg/kgBW, TBI+catechins 1113 mg/kgBW. NSS was measured in the first hours, day three, and day seven. The expressions of NFkB, TNFa, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3, caspase 8, BDNF, and the numbers of apoptosis cells were evaluated by imunohistochemystry method. One way Anova and Kruskal Wwallis were used to analyse the data.</p><p>Results <br />TNFa, caspase 8, number of apoptosis cells were significantly decreased on the seventh day administration compared to the third day administration (p&lt;0.05). Catechins increased the expression of Bcl-2/Bax and BDNF significantly (p&lt;0.05). Yet, there were no significant differences between expression of caspase 3, NSS, Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and BDNF toward third days administration of catechins compared with seven days administration (p&gt;0.050).</p><p>Conclusions<br />Administration of catechins decreased NSS through inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis, as well as induced the neurotrophic factors in rat brain injury. Catechins may serve as a potential intervention for TBI.</p>

Stress, regular diet, and consumption of irritating food are some of the risk factors for dyspepsia. Medical students at the first level undergo a fairly high density of activities, where this requires an adaptation process that can cause stress. In stressful conditions, the regularity of eating patterns is disrupted. There are also many incidents of students consuming irritating foodstuffs.Aims of researchto analyze stress factors, regularity of eating patterns and consumption of irritating foodstuffs onthe incidence of dyspepsia in first-year medical faculty students.This research is an analytic observational study with a cross sectional study approach. The research activity was carried out at UMM Medical Faculty in November 2019 involving 60 students of the 2019 class. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. The data analysis was carried out by the ichi-square test which was then carried out by the logistic regression test.This research shown76.7% of students suffer from dyspepsia, 65%experience stress, 61.7% have irregular eating patterns and 40% of students consume irritating foodstuffs. Stress and regularity in eating patterns affected the incidence of dyspepsia (p=0.022 and p=0.006), while irritative foods had no effect on dyspepsia (p=0.998).Stress and regularity of eating patterns affect the incidence of dyspepsia.

Stroke is a disease that needs multidisciplinary approach and the incident is still increasing. Primary precaution, secondary precaution and tertiary precaution are needed to reduce the incident of stroke and number of impairment. Many progress of the studies about treatments for ischemic thrombotic stroke are hold great promise for the better outcome. Thrombolytic therapy is has a main role in the acute phase treatment for the vascular target but the window therapy is narrow. There is important to overcome strategies to enhance the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. Besides, neuroprotective agents are also important to decrease the number of disability because they are used to protect the ischemic neuron from the irreversible injury. In animal models of stroke neuroprotective agents are also hold great promise but investigators are still searching for a safe and effective agent that can limit ischemic damage in human stroke. Clinical trials are still needed to improve a better guideline of ischemic thrombotic stroke. Keyword: stroke, thrombotic, guideline.

The current implementation of JKN brings major changes in the health care and financing system, especially in hospitals. The payment system in hospitals has changed, which previously used a fee-for-service system, was changed to a prospective payment system using the INA-CBGs rate and BPJS Kesehatan was appointed as the implementing institution for the program. The INA-CBG's payment system was chosen because it is possible to control health costs, encourage quality services according to standards, limit unnecessary or excessive health services and encourage providers to carry out cost containment. This study aims to determine the impact of the implementation of the JKN program on health costs in FKTL. This research is a literature review (narrative review) by conductinga literature review of 12 journals. Journals were obtained from Google Scholar and PubMed searches with the keywords Impact of JKN on Healthcare Costs in FKTL OR Hospitals which were selected with the criteria of national and international journals with good reputation and indexed by SINTA and SCOPUS which were published no later than 2016. the purpose of this study and passed the selection. The results of the analysis show that the impact of JKN, especially on health costs, has an effect on the pattern ofJKN utilization by the community, patient satisfaction, hospital efficiency, Gross Profit Margin and Net Profit Margin of hospitals, and has an effect on hospital income. It can be concluded that there has been an influence on FKTL since the JKN era entered Indonesia.

Latar belakang. Meskipun atensi merupakan domain kognisi yang sering terganggu pada penderita Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), tidak terdapat pemeriksaan domain atensi pada tes penapisan HIVassociated cognitive disorder dengan menggunakan International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS). Deteksi adanya gangguan atensi pada penderita HIV penting dilakukan karena mempengaruhi kepatuhan penderita terhadap konsumsi antiretrovirus dan aktivitas sehari-hari. Salah satu penanda keparahan dari HIV adalah kadar Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) yang rendah. Tujuan. Menilai korelasi antara kadar CD4 dengan tes IHDS serta tes untuk menilai domain atensi yaitu forward digit span test (FWD), backward digit span test (BWD), dan trail making test A test (TMA). Metode. Penelitian analitik dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel penelitian berdasarkan purposive sampling, sehingga didapatkan 30 responden. Instrumen penelitian ini adalah IHDS, FWD, BWD, dan TMA. Kadar CD4 juga dicatat. Hasil. Menggunakan uji eta, didapatkan hasil Eta 2 CD4 dengan IHDS, CD4 dengan FWD, CD4 dengan BWD, dan CD4 dengan TMA sebesar 0.025, 0.022, 0.022 dan 0.011. Simpulan. Karena kecilnya korelasi CD4 dengan IHDS, FWD, BWD, maupun TMA, maka kadar CD4 tidak berkorelasi dengan gangguan kognisi domain atensi dan IHDS.