Instinctive behaviours have evolved favouring the mother–infant dyad based on fundamental processes of neurological development, including oral tactile imprinting and latchment. Latchment is the first stage of emotional development based on the successful achievement of biological imprinting. The mechanisms underpinning imprinting are identified and the evolutionary benefits discussed.ConclusionIt is proposed that the oral tactile imprint to the breast is a keystone for optimal latchment and breastfeeding, promoting evolutionary success.

A novel two-dimensional matrix taxonomy, or atlas, of personality, emotion and behaviour is presented. The two dimensions of the atlas, affiliation and dominance, are demonstrated to have theoretical foundations in neurobiology and social psychology. Both dimensions are divided into five ordinal categories, creating a square matrix of 25 cells. A new catalogue of 20,669 English words descriptive of personality, emotion, behaviour, and power is also presented. The catalogue is more comprehensive than previous catalogues, and is novel in its inclusion of intrapersonal, group, and societal behaviours. All words in the catalogue were scored according to the atlas, facilitating visualisation in two dimensions. This enabled a contiguous and novel comparison of existing psychological taxonomies, as well as broader societal concepts such as leadership, ethics, and crime. Using the atlas, a novel psychological test is developed with improved sensitivity and specificity.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has been identified at post-mortem in Australian football codes players. Detailed and objective clinical and radiological characterization of patients at-risk of sporting and non-sporting repetitive concussive and subconcussive traumatic brain injury (RC/SCI) is important to our understanding of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) and CTE. This paper presents the initial findings of the symptomatology, neurocognitive, and pathophysiological changes in CTE (SNAP-CTE) study. A preliminary, retrospective, cohort study of 28 patients (25 males and 3 females) presenting with complaints of mood, behavioral, and cognitive decline, comprising TES, aged 24 to 78 years (M = 53, SD = 15.3) with at least 10 years of exposure to RC/SCI (mostly through contact sport) and cognitive decline were examined including: demographics; duration of play; age of first exposure to RC/SCI; and neuropsychology. Participants performed significantly worse in tests of auditory, visual, immediate, and delayed memory compared to a normative sample. Those with absent insight, compared to those with preserved insight, had a larger discrepancy between predicted and actual auditory memory scores, and had more severe mood disturbances. Insight, a hallmark sign of dementia, was either absent or impaired in a significant proportion (M = 36.4%, 95% CI =17.2% - 59.3%) of the sample aged under 65, compared with normative epidemiological data. This indicates that RC/SCI may be associated with risk of an early onset dementia syndrome representing probably TES/CTE. CTE is increasingly of concern to the Australian community, and further research in this area is necessary. This retrospective preliminary study will form the basis of large, prospective, longitudinal cohort studies, assessing the natural history of TES/CTE in Australian athletes.

neuropathy is a recognized part of FM, surprisingly little is known about large fibre neuropathy. The present study investigates the sensory and motor axonal properties using novel nerve excitability testing (NET) to seek a better understanding of the pathogenesis of this painful disorder. Methods 25 FM patients were recruited from the Wan Fang Hospital in Taiwan who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria. 1 NCS, pain scores, blood tests and NET were performed in all patients and patients with factors that may confound the results of NET were excluded. Control data were obtained from age and gendermatched healthy controls (HC) who had no neurological deficits or known pain disorders. Results The FM group showed an increase in superexcitability (p<0.05), subexcitability (p<0.05) and over-shoot during hyperpolarizing threshold electrotonus (p<0.05) in the sensory excitability profiles in contrast to HC. However, motor nerve excitability profiles showed no significant difference. Conclusions Alterations in the sensory axonal parameters can be detected while NCS is normal, these findings are compatible with the concept that the sensory system is mainly involved in the pathogenesis of FM. Results implied probable hypofunction of the paranodal fast K+ channel in the sensory axons, known to be associated with the generation of pain. 2 Our study highlights the advantage of NET over NCS, in the early detection of axonal dysfunction and may provide further understandings of future therapeutic treatment.

Methods Retrospective review of clinical records and diagnostic tests. Results A 78-year-old man with cerebral and lung melanoma metastases was treated with nivolumab, the newly developed monoclonal antibody which inhibits PD-1 deactivation of Tcells. He showed good radiological response.Three months after ceasing nivolumab, he presented to ED with acute confusion, aphasia, left-sided weakness and neglect as a stroke call. MRI demonstrated no evidence of stroke or acute encephalitis. EEG showed diffuse slowing. Lumbar puncture was not performed as he was therapeutically anticoagulated and had begun to improve on empirical antibiotics and acyclovir. One week later, he suddenly deteriorated with fevers and reduced level of consciousness. Acyclovir was restarted. Repeat EEG revealed periodic epileptic discharges over the right hemisphere and MRI demonstrated hyperintense signal and diffusion restriction of the right mesial temporal lobe suggestive of encephalitis. Subsequent lumbar puncture was negative for HSV, VZV, enterovirus, and autoimmune encephalitis antibodies.The patient's oncology team had been in support of a course of methylprednisone on suspicion of autoimmune encephalitis, but by the time the lumbar puncture results returned he was again improving. A diagnosis of suspected nivolumabinduced encephalitis was made based on exclusion of other possible diagnoses.Conclusions The rising use of immune checkpoint inhibitors heralds an array of new and unexpected neurological complications including autoimmune encephalitis. A nationwide registry of possible cases may be helpful in improving our currently limited understanding of these emerging complications.