Ruiz-Juan F, Zarauz A. Predictor variables of motivation on Spanish master athletes. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 617-628, 2012. It is known in the last fifteen years that there is an increase of people in Spain over 35 years old significantly who are often training and competing at several levels in athletics. They are master athletes. There are not National studies about master athletes from Spain and not many are worldwide. Therefore, the objectives of the present research are, firstly, to know their training habits, athletic history and motivations analyzing gender differences; secondly, to set predictive models of their motivations according to their training habits and athletic history. Once results have been analyzed, it was concluded that for Spanish master athletes, both men and women, both training and competition are an important part in their lives. These results could be due to they are practising during a large number of years their specialty on athletics, two hours each session during approximately five days per week, also they are often competing at several levels. Because of the fact that they have a high intrinsic motivation and moderate extrinsic motivation, the most important for them related to their sport was the satisfaction they find improving themselves on training, secondarily, beating rivals at competitions, looking for a medal and, even better, timing a record. These situations fill them with competence feeling and success expectancy.
ResumenEn una amplia muestra de corredores de medio maratón se analizó su compromiso, su adicción negativa a correr y sus principales hábitos de entrenamiento, así como la influencia de estos últimos en su dependencia. Además de valiosos datos descriptivos de sus hábitos de entrenamiento, se obtuvo que el compromiso fue alto, sobre todo en mujeres, y la adicción negativa media, sin diferencias significativas por sexo y menor que la obtenida en estudios precedentes en maratonistas. De los datos descriptivos se concluye, por un lado, que el mayor compromiso de las mujeres respecto al de los hombres se debe al mayor tiempo que le dedican al entrenamiento y, por otro, que la menor adicción negativa se debe tanto a la mayor preocupación por buscarse entrenador y de años entrenando, como al menor núme-ro de kilómetros y días de entrenamiento por semana de los corredores de medio maratón respecto a los de maratón. De los análisis posteriores se concluye que la variable que parece tener más importancia con respecto a por qué un corredor de medio maratón pasa de ser sanamente comprometido con su práctica deportiva, a ser patológicamente adicto a ella, es el número de kiló-metros que entrena cada semana, puesto que si es bajo, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, se incrementa un sano compromiso, mientras que si es alto, en hombres se incrementa su adicción negativa. En las mujeres, además del mencionado kilometraje semanal, ha resultado ser decisivo un mayor IMC para elevar el compromiso y disminuir la adicción.Palabras clave: Compromiso, adicción, deporte individual, entrenamiento. AbstractIn a large sample of half marathon runners, their commitment, negative addiction to run and main training habits as well as the influence of the latter in their dependence was analyzed. In addition to valuable data describing their training habits, it was found that the commitment were high, especially in women, and their negative addiction were middle, no significant differences by sex and lower than that obtained in previous studies in marathoners. From descriptive data we conclude, first, that the greater commitment of women compared to men is due to the greater time dedicated to training and, second, that the lower negative addiction is due both to the greater concern by looking for a coach and years training, and the fewer miles and days per week half marathon runners regarding marathon. In subsequent analysis we obtain that the variable which seems to have more importance regarding why a runner half maratón goes from being healthily committed to their sport to be pathologically addicted to it, is the number of miles that trains each week, so long as if it were low in both men and women, it increases a healthy compromise, meanwhile if it is higher in men, their negative addiction increases. In women, in addition to afore mentioned weekly mileage, it has been outlined that a greater IMC has a paramount importance to increase the compromise and reduce the addiction.
En la práctica deportiva, estudiar las dimensiones de la ansiedad implicadas en que un sujeto desarrolle dicha actividad, se ha convertido en uno de los temas fundamentales de la psicología del deporte y del ejercicio. Se pretendía conocer qué relaciones predictivas presentaban sobre la ansiedad precompetitiva diversas variables de entrenamiento en una amplia muestra de 1795 corredores de fondo en ruta. De ellos, el 85.65% fueron hombres con una edad de M=38.98 (DT=10.45), y el 14.35% mujeres, con una edad M=37.88 (DT=9.80). La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo mediante la adaptación al castellano del Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) y de una serie de variables de entrenamiento. Se obtuvieron moderados valores de ansiedad cognitiva y somática y muy altos en autoconfianza, tanto en hombres y mujeres sin diferencias significativas por sexo, así como valiosos datos descriptivos de entrenamiento, que sirvieron para obtener unos sólidos modelos predictivos de la ansiedad y autoconfianza que se discuten.Abstract. In sports, studying the dimensions of anxiety involved in an individual’s practice of an activity has become one of the key themes of the psychology of sport and exercise. The study aim was to find out the predictive effects of various training variables on precompetitive anxiety in a large sample of 1795 long-distance runners. Of these, 85.65% were men, aged M = 38.98 (SD = 10.45), and 14.35% female, aged M = 37.88 (SD = 9.80). Data were collected using a Spanish adaptation of the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) and several training variables. Moderate levels of cognitive and somatic anxiety and very high self-confidence were obtained, for both men and women, with no significant differences by gender, as well as valuable data describing training, which served to obtain solid predictive models of anxiety and self-confidence that were discussed.
En la práctica deportiva, estudiar las dimensiones de la ansiedad implicadas en que un sujeto desarrolle dicha actividad, se ha convertido en uno de los temas fundamentales de la psicología del deporte y del ejercicio. Se pretendía conocer qué relaciones predictivas presentaban sobre la ansiedad precompetitiva el compromiso a correr, la adicción negativa a correr, las motivaciones y la percepción de éxito en las carreras en ruta. Participaron 1795 corredores de fondo en ruta (1105 españoles, 690 mexicanos). De ellos, el 85.65% fueron hombres con una edad de M=38.98 (DT=10.45), y el 14.35% mujeres, con una edad M=37.88 (DT=9.80). La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo mediante las adaptaciones al castellano del Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R), la Commitment to Running Scale-11 (CR-11), la Running Addiction Scale-8 (RAS-8), las Motivations of Marathoners Scales-34 (MOMS-34) y el Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ). Se obtuvieron moderados valores de ansiedad cognitiva y somática, tanto en hombres y mujeres como en españoles y mexicanos. También elevados valores en autoconfianza, significativamente mayores en hombres respecto a mujeres y en mexicanos respecto a españoles. Con ligeras diferencias por sexo y país, la ansiedad se pudo predecir por puntuar alto en los constructos psicológicos menos deseables analizados (adicción, motivaciones extrínsecas y orientación al ego), mientras que en la autoconfianza fue a la inversa, es decir, por valorar en mayor medida los constructos psicológicos más deseables (compromiso y motivaciones más autodeterminadas).
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