Hyperglycemia is important in the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications from type 2 diabetes. Although there are many oral therapies available to help ameliorate hyperglycemia, it has been found that the competitive inhibition of the sodium-D-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) in the kidney may be a promising alternative treatment reducing hyperglycemia and potentially helping to lower the risk of diabetes complications. This article reviews clinical trials that have revealed favorable responses to many glycemic and metabolic parameters with SGLT2 inhibition, both as monotherapy and as an adjunct to insulin and oral antidiabetic agents. Additional studies are necessary to further determine the efficacy and long-term safety of SGLT2 inhibitors.

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The water content in human hair is very important for its cosmetic properties and general health. However, to measure water content in hair, especially in vivo hair, is very difficult. Opto-thermal transient emission radiometry (OTTER) is a promising, infrared remote sensing technology that can be used for this kind of measurements. It can not only measure the water content but also the water depth profile in hair. By measuring the water content and its depth profile in hair, we can understand the status of hair, i.e., healthy or damaged, etc. In this paper, we will present our latest study on in vivo human hair hydration measurements by using OTTER. We will first present the theoretical background and then show the experimental results. We will also compare the OTTER hair results with other established measurement technique results, such as condenser trans-epidermal water loss method.