Drug-induced dystonic reactions are common presentations to the emergency department. Two cases of acute dystonic reactions presenting as acute medical emergency illustrate the associated fatality and possibility of misdiagnosis. This case series reports two cases of medication-induced (haloperidol and metoclopramide) acute dystonic reactions presenting with torticollis, tongue protrusion, and respiratory distress which resolved with the administration of intramuscular biperiden and oxygen by facemask. In developing countries like Nigeria where atypical anti-psychotic medications with fewer and lesser troublesome side effects are not affordable to many, the training of physicians and other doctors should adequately include a high degree of clinical suspicion and knowledge of management of acute dystonic reactions.

AimsPoor vitamin D status is currently a global public-health issue including regions where the risk of vitamin D deficiency was previously assumed to be low due to cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D stimulated by continuous exposure to sunlight. Evidence suggests that exclusively breastfed infants are at risk of low vitamin D status; a risk factor for future poor health. No guidelines currently exist for vitamin D supplementation in Nigeria. The study aimed to determine the plasma vitamin D concentrations of study subjects, provide the much needed information on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in maternal and breastfeeding infants, as well as the relationship between maternal and infant blood vitamin D levels.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 120 breastfeeding infant-mother pairs. Maternal and infant blood samples were taken at the same time. A solid phase competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DLD Diagnostika GmBH, Germany), was used for the quantitative determination of 25-OH vitamin D in plasma, and read out using Acurex plate (Acurex Diagnostics, USA). Low and normal level controls were assayed in duplicate during each run.ResultsThe mean plasma vitamin D concentrations in the maternal and breastfeeding infant blood were 18.86±6.56 ng/mL and 24.12±9.10 ng/mL respectively. Seven (5.8%) mothers had normal vitamin D levels while 70 (58.3%) mothers had hypovitaminaemia (vitamin D concentration below 20 ng/ml). Also, 28 (23.3%) of the 120 breastfeeding infants had normal vitamin D levels while 43 (35.8%) had hypovitaminaemia. The mean plasma vitamin D concentration in breastfeeding infants was significantly higher than maternal plasma vitamin D concentration (t=5.995, p<0.001). There was a positive correlation between paired maternal and breastfeeding infant blood vitamin D concentrations (r=0.282, p=0.002).ConclusionThe findings from this study indicate that vitamin D deficiency is a major public health issue in this region. Therefore we recommend that efforts be made to implement vitamin D supplementation of exclusively breastfed infants and their mothers in this region.

Vitamin Mineral Premixes (VMPs) are the usual medium through which poultry diets are fortified to ensure better utilization of nutrients. Poultry ingredients could be low in some vitamins, thus the addition of premix to poultry diet is therefore a good insurance to protect birds from stress, diseases and disorder. Each manufacturer claimed superior effectiveness and potency without any cognate experimental evidence. Therefore, this research surveyed the available broiler VMPs in Ogbomoso and compared their potency through a feeding trial. A survey was carried out using structured questionnaire administered to feed millers and poultry farmers after which a feeding trial was conducted using the popular VMPs. Arbor acre broiler strains (n=330) day old chicks weighing 36.9±5.00g were randomly allotted diets without any VMP (control) while others were supplemented with five different VMPs at 0.20 and 0.25% to obtain diets 0.20VMP1, 0.20VMP2, 0.20VMP3, 0.20VMP4, 0.20VMP5, 0.25VMP1, 0.25VMP2, 0.25VMP3, 0.25VMP4 and 0.25VMP5 respectively in a completely randomized design using a 5x2 factorial arrangement and reared for 56 days. Daily feed intake, weight gain and feed to gain ratio were assessed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P<0.05. The study revealed 16.70% of the premixes surveyed were imported while 83.30% were produced in Nigeria. Also, 10.00% of the respondents bought himix, 36.70% optimix, 13.30% wrightmix, 10.00% aeromix, 5.00% duramix, 6.7% micromix, 5% livestovit and 13.3% agrited. The on-farm study showed that the final liveweight and daily weight gain were significantly higher in birds fed the control (649.33g, 21.75g respectively) compared with birds fed 0.20VMP4 having the lowest values for the starter phase (557.93, 19.95g). Feed cost per kg weight gain was higher (? 270.86) in birds fed 0.20VMP5 while the lowest (? 224.90) was observed in control. The daily feed intake ranged between 44.53g in 0.20VMP4 and 47.50g in 0.20VMP5.In conclusion, the commonest vitamin mineral premix used by broiler farmers in Ogbomoso was Optimix and the broiler chickens fed the control diet had the best growth performance and were the most economical diet.   Les prémélanges vitaminiques et minéraux (PVM) sont le moyen habituel par lequel les régimes alimentaires des volailles sont enrichis pour assurer une meilleure utilisation des nutriments. Les ingrédients de la volaille peuvent être pauvres en certaines vitamines, donc l'ajout de prémélange à l'alimentation de la volaille est donc une bonne assurance pour protéger les oiseaux du stress, des maladies et des troubles. Chaque fabricant a revendiqué une efficacité et une puissance supérieures sans aucune preuve expérimentale apparentée. Par conséquent, cette recherche a étudié les PVM de poulets de chair disponibles à Ogbomoso et a comparé leur puissance au moyen d'un essai d'alimentation. Une enquête a été réalisée à l'aide d'un questionnaire structuré administré aux meuniers et aux éleveurs de volaille, après quoi un essai d'alimentation a été mené à l'aide des PVM populaires. Des souches de poulets de chair Arbor acre (n = 330) d'un jour pesant 36,9 ± 5,00 g ont reçu des régimes aléatoires sans aucun PVM (témoin) tandis que d'autres ont été supplémentés avec cinq PVM différents à 0,20 et 0,25 % pour obtenir des régimes 0,20PVM1, 0,20PVM2, 0,20PVM3, 0,20PVM4, 0,20PVM5, 0,25PVM1, 0,25PVM2, 0,25PVM3, 0,25PVM4 et 0,25PVM5 respectivement dans un plan complètement randomisé utilisant un arrangement factoriel 5x2 et élevés pendant 56 jours. La prise alimentaire quotidienne, le gain de poids et le rapport alimentation/gain ont été évalués. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de statistiques descriptives et ANOVA à P<0,05. L'étude a révélé que 16,70 % des prémélanges étudiés étaient importés tandis que 83,30 % étaient produits au Nigeria. De plus, 10,00 % des personnes interrogées ont acheté himix, 36,70 % optimix, 13,30 % wrightmix, 10,00 % aeromix, 5,00 % duramix, 6,7 % micromix, 5 % livestovit et 13,3 % agrited. L'étude à la ferme a montré que le poids vif final et le gain de poids quotidien étaient significativement plus élevés chez les oiseaux nourris avec le témoin (649,33 g, 21,75 g respectivement) par rapport aux oiseaux nourris avec 0,20 PVM4 ayant les valeurs les plus faibles pour la phase de démarrage (557,93, 19,95 g) . Le coût des aliments par kg de gain de poids était plus élevé (? 270,86) chez les oiseaux nourris avec 0,20PVM5 tandis que le plus bas (? 224,90) a été observé chez les témoins. La prise alimentaire quotidienne variait entre 44,53 g dans 0,20VMP4 et 47,50 g dans 0,20PVM5 régime le plus économique.