In this study, interpenetrated acrylic acid (AA)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels were prepared by free-radical polymerization with N,N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBAAm) as a crosslinker. The basic structural parameters, such as the molecular weight between crosslinks, volume interaction parameter, number of crosslinks, Flory-Huggins solvent interaction parameter, and diffusion coefficient, were calculated. Cetirizine dihydrochloride was loaded as a model drug in selected samples. The prepared hydrogels were evaluated for swelling, sol-gel fraction, and porosity. The swelling of the AA/PVA hydrogels was found to be directly proportional to the pH, that is, 1.2-7.5, depending on composition. The percentage of cetirizine hydrochloride was found to be directly proportional to the buffer pH and was at its maximum at pH 7.5, that is, 90-95%, and its lowest at pH 1.2, that is, 20-30%. The gel fraction increased with increasing concentration of AA and MBAAm, whereas the porosity showed the same response with AA, but an inverse relationship was observed with MBAAm. The drug-release data were fitted into various kinetics models, including the zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Peppas models, which showed non-Fickian diffusion. The prepared hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and no interaction was found among the polymer ratio and the drug.

The enormous developments in technology have transformed the way we interact with the world around us. Among the extensive yet advanced technological interventions, one of the sophisticated expansions is the appearance of the Internet of Things, a tool for developing connections of physical objects to the virtual world using small-sized sensors and certain internet protocols to lessen human interventions. The domain of education has also adopted these technological services to move from traditional methods to sophisticated and advanced teaching and learning approaches to cope with learning needs and raise quality. This paper intends to conceptualize the impact of integrating IoT in higher education to increase students' academic performance in the engineering domain through the integration of smart laboratories. Several international studies were selected and thoroughly reviewed using the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis to build sophisticated insights regarding the topic in terms of its conceptual as well as practical foundations.The key insights gathered through reviewed studies indicate that the Internet of things-based laboratories have significant advantages in uplifting students' academic performance through interaction, motivation, creativity, and practical learning. The integration of the Internet of things in higher educational institutes improves students' academic performance because it allows them to engage in authentic tasks and experience practical and active learning.

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Coccydynia is a painful condition of the coccyx that can have various etiologies. Females are affected five times more than males by this condition. In addition to being chronic and difficult to manage, its symptoms can be detrimental to quality of life. Objective: To determine the prevalence of coccydynia among postpartum women. Methods: In this study, 881 postpartum women were selected through non probability convenience sampling from obstetrics and gynecology ward of Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. Self-structured questionnaire was used which contains different sections; section 1 contains Demographic information of the participants; section 2 contains subjective and Objective assessment.  Two tests straight leg raise and per rectal were performed confirm coccydynia. SPSS version 21.0 were used to enter and analysis the data. Results: Test According to SLR test, 396(45%) were positive and 485(55%) were negative in SLR test. According to PR test, 538(61%) were positive and 343(39%) were negative in PR test. The finding of the study shows that 538(61%) postpartum females have coccydynia. A significant relationship was found between Coccydynia and the method of delivery (p<.005), position with less pain (p<.001), and intensity of pain (<p.001). Conclusions: Coccydynia is most commonly found in postpartum women based on the results of this study. Coccydynia was also significantly associated with the method of delivery, the position with less pain, and the intensity of the pain during childbirth