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The increase in concern from viable cells of probiotics specifically in acute inflammatory conditions has led to the emergence of the concept of postbiotics as a safer alternative therapy in the field of health and wellness. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of surface proteins from three probiotic strains in dextran sodium sulfate and trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid = induced colitis mouse models. The molecular weight of total surface proteins extracted from the three probiotic strains ranged from ∼25 to ∼250 kDa with the presence of negligible levels of endotoxins. Surface layer proteins (SLPs) (∼45 kDa) were found to be present only in the Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM strain. In the in vivo study, significant differences were not observed in the weight loss and general appetite, however, the decrease in colon length was apparent in TNBS colitis control mice. Further, the administration of these surface proteins significantly reversed the histopathological damages induced by the colitogens and improved the overall histological score. The oral ingestion of these surface proteins also led to a decrease in myeloperoxidase activity and TNF-α expression while the IL-10 levels significantly increased for the strain NCFM followed by MTCC 5690 and MTCC 5689. Overall, the present study signifies the ameliorative role of probiotic surface proteins in colitis mice, thereby, offering a potential and safer alternative for the management of inflammatory bowel disorders.

In recent times, metal nanoparticles, especially gold nanoparticles (GNPs), have attracted considerable interest in bone regeneration and expanded many folds. Their eminence is governed by the ease in fabrication, stability, controllable size, high surface area, easy functionalization, and multifunctionality. [3] In bone tissue engineering, GNPs can extend their multifunctionality to different dimensions in modulating the fundamental elements of tissue engineering like scaffolds, cells, and bioactive cues. GNPs can improve the scaffolds' physicochemical properties, making them more suitable for bone regeneration. They also stimulate cellular functionality by enhancing adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. GNPs have already been explored for their capability in controlled delivery of the bioactive cues providing eminent therapeutic potential. Besides controlling the osseous tissue functionality, they also regulate the immunological and vascularization process propounding the tissue repair mechanism adding to extensive neo-bone formation. Gold has been considered the most stable and nontoxic metal, but its reduction to nanometric ranges changes the surface properties making them more reactive and functional than its bulk counterpart. [4] Many studies have been conducted to determine the toxicity of GNPs in biological systems. Nevertheless, mainly being safe, gold in nanometric range can exhibit toxicity depending on their size, shape, surface charge, and functionalization. Therefore, it becomes crucial to extensively study the cytocompatibility of these nanoparticles for every biological activity conferred by them.The current review focuses on exploring the multiple potentials of GNPs, which are revolutionizing the field of bone tissue engineering as regenerative therapy. The first part of the review deals with the involvement of nanoparticles in the areas of osteogenesis and how they help in remodeling the osseous tissues. The second part extensively defines the bone regenerative mechanism of GNPs through different dimensions ranging from the modulation of scaffold properties to the development of vascular networks and their interplay studies. Finally, the last part of the review unfolds the toxicological aspects of GNPs explored so far and the associated future opportunities rendered by them in bone tissue engineering.Osseous tissue repair has advanced due to the introduction of tissue engineering. The key elements required while engineering new tissues involve scaffolds, cells, and bioactive cues. The macrostructural to the nanostructural framework of such complex tissue has engrossed the intervention of nanotechnology for efficient neo-bone formation. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have recently gained interest in bone tissue regeneration due to their multimodal functionality. They are proven to modulate the properties of scaffolds and the osteogenic cells significantly. GNPs also influence different metabolic functions within the body, which directly or indirectly govern the mechanism of bone reg...