Thermophilic bacteria live at temperatures above 450 C. Many investigations focused on their potential as sources of highly active enzymes ‘termostable enzyme’ and other products such as antibiotics and compatible solutes. Lake Linow is an active volcanic lake located in Tomohon City, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Lake Linow becomes the habitat of thermophilic bacteria. A study has been conducted to obtain isolates of thermophilic bacteria and to identifikasi berdasarkan gen 16 s RNA. Bacterial DNA extraction procedure using the Presto TM Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit Geneaid protocol, with modifications. Amplification of 16s RNA gene using PCR method. Visualization of 16 s RNA amplicon genes with automatic electrophoresis capiler Qiaxel, Qiagen. Sequencing was carried out using Singapore's First BASE Sequencing service. The results showed that IL2 isolates and IL3 isolates could live up to 700C. Alignment analysis results using NCAST BLBI IL2 isolates showed 99% similarity with Bacillus thuringiensis strain H2682 (accession number CP009720.1). While isolate of IL3 thermophilic bacteria showed 94% similarity with Bacillus licheniformis strain 14DA11 (accession number CP023168.1). The results of phylogeny reconstruction with neighbor joining method, gene sequence 16S rRNA isolate IL2 showed the closest relation with Bacillus thuringiensis strain HD1011 (accession number CP009335.1). While IL3 isolate showed the closest relation with Bacillus licheniformis strain 14DA11 (accession number CP023168.1).

This study aims to transform metanogenic bacterial plasmid into E. coli C600 and to identify the products of methane from E. coli transformants. Isolate of methanogenic bacteria from cow’s feces as a positive control, named A and B. The transformation of isolate from the sewage of coconut water (P and M) plasmid to E.coli C600 using “Blind Test” method Fermentation of coconut water by E.coli transformant that yield gas was quality-analyzed by burning and quantity-analyzed by GC. The result of gen 16S rRNA analysis by PCR, there is a similarity of nucleotide around 1088 bp, which is the same as isolate A and B from cow’s feces. The result of gen mcrA’s PCR on isolate P, M and isolate A and B have the similarity of nucleotide which is around 600 bp. The sequencing of gen 16S rRNA isolate P yielded nucleotide with composition respectively G 31.25%, C 20.58%, A 27.11%, and T 21.04% while the isolate M with composition respectively G 31.25%, C 20.31%, A 27.02, and T 21.32%. The identification of isolate M is similar with Clostridium tyrobutyricum (100%) and isolate P is almost similar with Clostridium tyrobutyricum (99%).

Fish is one of the main foods for humans that are rich of proteins, fatty, and minerals that are good for health. Unsaturated fatty acids are very easily oxidized by the presence of catalysts such as oxygen, heat, light, and the presence of metals. Ginger contains antioxidants which can inhibit oxidation of fat or oil. This study aims to inhibit fat oxidation of skipjack fish with the addition of ginger. Skipjack fish soaked in ginger water with a concentration of 10%, 20%, 30% and the control, then saved for 0, 2, 4 days. The fish was extracted by the wet rendering method and then analyzed with 2 parameters, peroxide value and free fatty acids with the titration method. The best concentration in inhibiting lipid oxidation of skipjack fish is at a concentration of 10% and 30%. The peroxide value of skipjack tuna oils is still below the IFOS standard of 3.75 meq O2/kg and the percentage of free fatty acids is still below the standard of 1.5%