RESUMO -Foram realizados quatro ensaios de metabolismo com a finalidade de determinar a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida (EMAn) de dez alimentos em aves em diversas idades. Os alimentos testados foram: milho, farelo de soja, sorgo, farelo de trigo, farelo de arroz integral, duas farinhas de penas, duas farinhas de vísceras e plasma sangüíneo. Utilizou-se o método de coleta total de excretas, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 11 tratamentos (dez alimentos e uma ração-referência) e seis repetições. No primeiro ensaio, foram utilizados 528 pintos de corte machos de 10 a 17 dias de idade, totalizando oito aves por repetição; no segundo ensaio, 396 frangos de corte machos de 26 a 33 dias de idade, com seis aves por repetição; no terceiro ensaio, 264 frangos de corte machos de 40 a 47 dias de idade, com quatro aves por repetição; e, no quarto ensaio, 132 galos, com duas aves por repetição.A idade das aves influenciou os valores de EMA e EMAn do farelo de soja, do sorgo, do farelo de arroz integral, das farinhas de penas e do plasma sangüíneo, enquanto, para o farelo de trigo, teve efeito apenas sobre a EMAn.Palavras-chave: composição química, energia metabolizável aparente, frangos de corte Metabolizable energy values of feedstuffs obtained from poultry at different agesABSTRACT -Four assays were carried out to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the corrected apparent nitrogen metabolizable energy (AMEn) of ten feeds for poultry at different poultry ages. The feeds studied were:corn grain, soybean meal, ground sorghum, wheat bran, integral rice bran, two kinds of feather meal, two kinds of poultry viscera meal and spray-dried plasma. The method of total excreta collection was used to determine the AME and AMEn values. The broiler chicks were distributed on a completely randomized experimental design, with 11 treatments, six replications, with different number of animals by replication according to the assay. In the first assay, 528 male broiler chicks in the period from 10 to 17 days of age were used, with eight animals per replication. In the second assay, 396 male broiler chicks in the period from 26 to 33 days of age were used, with six animals per replication. In the third assay, 264 male broiler chicks in the period from 40 to 47 days of age were used, with four animals per replication. In the fourth assay, 132 roosters were used, with two animals per replicate. There was an effect of age on the AME and AMEn values of the following feeds: soybean meal, ground sorghum, integral rice bran, two kinds of feather meal and spray-dried plasma, where the oldest broilers provided the highest AME and AMEn values. Wheat bran was affected by age only for the AMEn values.Key Words: apparent metabolizable energy, broilers, chemical composition IntroduçãoO consumo de carne de frango no Brasil apresentou nos anos de 1986 a 2006 crescimento de aproximadamente 400% (UBA, 2006). O conhecimento da composição química e energética dos ingredie...

RESUMO -Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de lisina digestível no período de 54 a 70 semanas de idade. Utilizaram-se 360 aves com 54 semanas de idade, 180 (Lohmann LSL e 180 Lohmann Brown) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, composto de cinco níveis de lisina digestível e duas linhagens (leves e semipesadas), com seis repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Utilizou-se uma dieta basal deficiente em lisina digestível suplementada com cinco níveis de L-lisina HCl (78%), de forma a resultar em dietas com 0,555; 0,605; 0,655; 0,705 e 0,755% de lisina digestível. Avaliaram-se a produção de ovos, o peso e a massa de ovos, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar, os pesos de albúmen, gema e casca, unidades Haugh, os índices de albúmen e de gema, o percentual de ovos não-comerciais e a variação de peso corporal. Nas poedeiras leves, houve efeito linear dos níveis de lisina sobre os consumo de ração e de lisina, o índice de gema e os pesos de albúmen e de gema e efeito quadrático sobre a produção de ovos, o peso e a massa de ovos, a conversão alimentar e o peso da casca. Nas poedeiras semipesadas, houve efeito linear dos níveis de lisina sobre o consumo de lisina e o peso dos ovos e efeito quadrático sobre a produção de ovos, a massa de ovos, a conversão alimentar e o peso da casca. As exigências de lisina digestível para as poedeiras leves e semipesadas no período de 54 a 70 semanas de idade são de 0,724 e 0,692% da dieta, que correspondem a 784 e 748 mg de lisina digestível/ ave/dia e 14,9 e 14,5 g de lisina digestível/g de massa de ovo produzida.Palavras-chave: níveis de lisina digestível, poedeiras semipesadas, qualidade do ovo, taxa de postura Digestible lysine requirements of laying hens from 54 to 70 weeks of age ABSTRACT -An experiment was performed to determine the dietary digestible lysine requirement of hens (Lohman LSL and Lohman Brown) from 54 to 70 weeks of age. Three hundred and sixty hens were randomly assigned to 5 × 2 factorial arrangement (Lys levels by hen strain), according to the dietary treatments withj six replicates (groups) of 6birds. An experimental diet was formulated to contain deficient digestible lysine levels in order to be supplemented with lysine (L-Lys-HCL,78%) originating the five dietary treatments (0.555; 0.605; 0.655; 0.705 and 0.755% of digestible lysine). The parameters analyzed were egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, lysine intake, feed conversion, albumen weight, yolk weight and shell weight, Haugh unit, albumen index and yolk index, percentage of non-commercial eggs and body weight gain. There was linear effect of lysine levels to light laying hens on feed intake, lysine intake, yolk index, albumen weight, yolk weight and quadratic effect on egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion and shell weight. For brown-type laying hens, there was linear effect of lysine levels on lysine intake and egg weight and quadratic effect on egg production, egg mass, feed conversion and s...

Three experiments were carried out to estimate the optimal ratios of digestible phenylalanine + tyrosine (Phe + Tyr), histidine (His), and leucine (Leu) relative to digestible lysine (Lys) for performance and carcass criteria of Cobb-500 broilers from 8 to 17 d of age. In each experiment, 160 male chicks were allocated to a completely randomized experimental design with eight replicate pens, each receiving five dietary treatments. A common, semi-purified basal diet was formulated to meet all dietary recommendations except for those of the tested amino acids (i.e., Phe + Tyr, His, and Leu). Growth performance and carcass characteristics data were analyzed using various requirement-estimation models, including 95% of the quadratic regression, linear response plateau (LRP; i.e., stepwise regression), LRP-to-quadratic regression ratio; and quadratic broken line (QBL). Graded digestible Phe + Tyr ratios elicited a quadratic response (P < 0.05) in body weight gain and linear responses (P < 0.05) in breast and breast fillet weights. Linear effects (P < 0.05) were also observed when graded ratios of digestible His were fed for feed intake and weight gain, and quadratic responses (P < 0.05) were noted for feed conversion ratio and breast and breast fillet weights and yields. Graded Leu ratios elicited quadratic responses (P < 0.05) in feed intake, weight gain, and breast and breast fillet weight and yield. Based on growth and carcass parameters, the estimated ideal digestible ratios of Phe + Tyr, His, and Leu relative to digestible Lys were 112, 38, and 104%, respectively, for broiler chicks raised from 8 to 17 d of age.

Brazil is the largest broiler meat exporter in the world. This important economic activity generates income in different branches of the production chain. However, the decomposition of residues incorporated in the poultry litter generates several gases, among them ammonia. When emitted from the litter to the air, ammonia can cause several damages to animals and man, in addition to being able to convert into a greenhouse gas. Thus, the aim of this article was to carry out a review of the ammonia emission factors in the production of broilers, the methodologies for measuring, and the inventories of emissions already carried out in several countries. The main chemical processes for generating ammonia in poultry litter have been introduced and some practices that can contribute to the reduction of ammonia emissions have been provided. The PMU, Portable Monitoring Unit, and the SMDAE, Saraz Method for Determination of Ammonia Emissions, with the required adaptations, are methodologies that can be used to quantify the ammonia emissions in hybrid facilities with a natural and artificial ventilation system. An ammonia emission inventory can contribute to the control and monitoring of pollutant emissions and is an important step towards adopting emission reductions. However, quantifying the uncertainties about ammonia emission inventories is still a challenge to be overcome.

No abstract