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The cost of drug development is commonly cited between US$800 and US$1.8 billion. A similar statistic for vaccines is yet to be estimated, and it is unclear whether the cost of vaccines is similar to drug development. Financial and regulatory policy significantly impacts the extent and cost of pharmaceutical development, and as such it is important that governments should be informed about the costs of developing vaccines. The purpose of this paper is to review the concept of drug and vaccine R&D costs, to review the associated literature and to relate these findings to the area of vaccine industry's financial and regulatory policy.

Timely FMT can provide significant cost savings to health-care systems, especially for patients with multiple comorbidities.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution-NonCo mmercialLicense, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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