Lesions of the rotator cuff (RC) are a common occurrence affecting millions of people across all parts of the globe. RC tears are also rampantly prevalent with an age-dependent increase in numbers. Other associated factors include a history of trauma, limb dominance, contralateral shoulder, smoking-status, hypercholesterolemia, posture and occupational dispositions. The challenge lies in early diagnosis since a high proportion of patients are asymptomatic. Pain and decreasing shoulder power and function should alert the heedful practitioner in recognizing promptly the onset or aggravation of existing RC tears. Partial-thickness tears (PTT) can be bursal-sided or articular-sided tears. Over the course of time, PTT enlarge and propagate into full-thickness tears (FTT) and develop distinct chronic pathological changes due to muscle retraction, fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy. These lead to a reduction in tendon elasticity and viability. Eventually, the glenohumeral joint experiences a series of degenerative alterations - cuff tear arthropathy. To avert this, a vigilant clinician must utilize and corroborate clinical skill and radiological findings to identify tear progression. Modern radio-diagnostic means of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging provide excellent visualization of structural details and are crucial in determining further course of action for these patients. Physical therapy along with activity modifications, anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications form the pillars of nonoperative treatment. Elderly patients with minimal functional demands can be managed conservatively and reassessed at frequent intervals. Regular monitoring helps in isolating patients who require surgical interventions. Early surgery should be considered in younger, active and symptomatic, healthy patients. In addition to being cost-effective, this helps in providing a functional shoulder with a stable cuff. An easily reproducible technique of maximal strength and sturdiness should by chosen among the armamentarium of the shoulder surgeon. Grade 1 PTTs do well with debridement while more severe lesions mandate repair either by trans-tendon technique or repair following conversion into FTT. Early repair of repairable FTT can avoid appearance and progression of disability and weakness. The choice of surgery varies from surgeon-to-surgeon with arthroscopy taking the lead in the current scenario. The double-row repairs have an edge over the single-row technique in some patients especially those with massive tears. Stronger, cost-effective and improved functional scores can be obtained by the former. Both early and delayed postoperative rehabilitation programmes have led to comparable outcomes. Guarded results may be anticipated in patients in extremes of age, presence of comorbidities and severe tear patters. Overall, satisfactory results are obtained with timely diagnosis and execution of the appropriate treatment modality.

Smartphones have emerged as essential tools providing assistance in patient care, monitoring, rehabilitation, communication, diagnosis, teaching, research and reference. Among innumerable communication apps, WhatsApp has been widely popular and cost effective. The aim of our study was to report the impact of introduction of a smartphone app "WhatsApp" as an intradepartmental communication tool on (1) awareness of patient-related information, (2) efficiency of the handover process and (3) duration of traditional morning handovers among orthopedic residents in a 300-bedded tertiary care teaching center. Written handovers and paging used for communication at our center led to occasional inefficiencies among residents. Widespread use, low cost, availability and double password protection (phone lock and WhatsApp lock) made WhatsApp's group conversation feature an ideal tool for intradepartmental patient-related communication. Twenty-five consecutive admissions before and after WhatsApp (BW, AW) were included in the study. Eight orthopedic residents attempted fifty randomly arranged questions based on the twenty-five patients in each study period. A null hypothesis that introduction of WhatsApp group would neither increase the awareness of patient-related information nor improve the efficiency of the handovers among residents was assumed. A significant improvement observed in scores obtained by residents in the AW group led to rejection of the null hypothesis. The residents also reported swifter and efficient handovers after the introduction of WhatsApp. Our results indicate that the introduction of a smartphone app "WhatsApp" as an intradepartmental communication tool can bring about an improvement in patient-related awareness, communication and handovers among orthopedic residents.

Clinicians and researchers are confounded by the various outcome measures used for the assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). In this study, we critically analysed the conceptual framework, validity, reliability, responsiveness and appropriateness of some of the commonly used CTS outcome measures. Initially, we conducted an extensive literature search to identify all of the outcome measures used in the assessment of CTS patients, which revealed six different carpal tunnel outcome measures [Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ), Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire (MHQ), Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM), clinical rating scale (Historical-Objective (Hi-Ob) scale) and Upper Extremity Functional Scale (UEFS)]. We analysed the construction framework, development process, validation process, reliability, internal consistency (IC), responsiveness and limitations of each of these outcome measures. Our analysis reveals that BCTQ, MHQ and PEM have comprehensive frameworks, good validity, reliability and responsiveness both in the hands of the developers, as well as independent researchers. The UEFS and Hi-Ob scale need validation and reliability testing by independent researchers. Region-specific measures like DASH have good frameworks and, hence, a potential role in the assessment of CTS but they require more validation in exclusive carpal tunnel patients.

Cemented total-joint arthroplasty has been increasingly used in the treatment of end stage arthritis of the thumb trapeziometacarpal joint. Evidence supporting its use in the treatment of trapeziometacarpal disorders in the literature is very limited. Most hand surgeons agree that there are concerns about the methodological quality of the limited literature available. In this study, we analysed the methodological quality of the outcome studies on cemented total-joint arthroplasty of the thumb. We included all the outcome studies published in the English literature on cemented total-joint arthroplasty of the trapeziometacarpal joint of thumb. We analysed these studies for methodological deficiencies and quality of outcome reporting based on the recommendations given by Coleman et al. Our study revealed that there were no uniform standards of outcome reporting. The mean Coleman score for the studies dealing with cemented total-joint arthroplasty of the thumb was 42.9. Major deficiencies were identified in areas like subject selection criteria (0/15), type of study (5.7/15), description of surgical procedure (3.7/5), description of the rehabilitation protocol (2/10), outcome measures (4.4/10) and outcome assessment (3.9/15). The methodological quality of the studies published within the last 10 years (49.9±9.7) was found to be slightly better than the studies published over 10 years ago (39.7±7.8). Our study highlights the need for more evidence in the form of randomised controlled prospective studies conducted with good methodological quality, comparing the cemented total-joint arthroplasty of the thumb to other procedures available for the treatment of disorders of the thumb. Further, to improve the standards of reporting, journal editors should try to standardise the outcome of the reporting by following the surgical procedures on the thumb.Résumé L'usage des prothèses totales cimentées dans le traitement des arthroses sévères trapézométarcarpiennes est en augmentation. Les preuves en faveur de cette utilisation sont rares. La plupart des chirurgiens de la main s'accordent à dire que les études de la littérature ont une méthodologie douteuse. Nous avons analysé dans cette étude la qualité méthodologique de la littérature pour les arthroplasties cimentées. Nous avons inclus pour cette étude tous les résultats publiés dans la littérature anglo-saxonne pour ce type de prothèses. Nous avons étudié les méthodologies et la qualité des résultats selon les recommandations de Coleman et al. Notre étude nous permet de montrer qu'il n'y a pas de standard uniforme pour valider ces résultats. Le score de Coleman et al. dans ces études a été de 42.9 (déviation standard [SD]-9.4). Les problèmes principaux que nous avons identifiés reposent sur les critères de sélection (0/15), le type d'études (5.7/15), la description du traitement chirurgical (3.7/5), la description du protocole de rééducation (2/10), les mesures de surveillance (4.4/10) et le devenir des patients (3.9/15). Pour la qualité méthod-International Orthop...

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