Corruption in government organizations is an important and relevant topic to study because of its impact on the state in terms of financial losses and a decrease in the quality of human development. This study is also relevant because previous analyses are still limited in their modeling and measuring comprehensive fiscal decentralization variables. This study aims to examine the effect of fiscal decentralization and quality of government on the level of corruption and the impact of corruption on the human development index. The sample of this paper comprises 113 local governments on the island of Java, Indonesia, for the period 2015–2018. Statistical testing was carried out using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The test results show that fiscal decentralization has a positive effect on corruption with a path coefficient of 0.100 and is significant at 5% alpha. Likewise, poor governance (proxied by internal control weaknesses) has a positive effect on the level of corruption with a coefficient of 0.062 and is significant at an alpha of 10%. The results of the PLS-SEM test also show that corruption has a negative impact on the human development index with a coefficient of –0.206 and is significant at 1% alpha. The practical significance of this study is the importance of the internal control system reliability as a complementary variable for fiscal decentralization to prevent corruption.