Food loss occurs in urban area restaurants, including in Bogor. The consumption activity in restaurants sometimes produces food waste, including of rice, vegetables or side dishes. The research objectives were (1) To identify the restaurant food-wasting process in Bogor, and (2) To estimate the amount and economic value of restaurant food waste in Bogor. The Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 19-3964-1994 about Sampling and Measurement Method and Composition of Urban Waste was used for sampling. Food waste in restaurants occurs from sellers and customers. The unsold food waste of restaurants in Bogor was predominately rice. The occurrence of rice waste was due to large cooking portions and the drying of rice during cooking, making it unable to consume. The food waste produced from unconsumed food by customers included rice and side dishes, such as meat, chicken and fish. Some reasons for food waste occurrence from visitor consumption were unpreferred food taste, large food portion and low appetite. The annual rice waste from unsold and unconsumed food in restaurants in Bogor was 29,742.84 kg or Rp 356,914,080. The annual amounts of meat, chicken, and fish waste are 14,780kg, 28,500kg and 8,460 kg, respectively. The economic value of meat, chicken and fish waste is Rp 1,655,640,000, Rp 712,480,000 and Rp 253,711,500, respectively. Keywords: consumption, the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 19-3964- 1994, urban waste, consumption chain, weight conversion factor

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Around 10% of the population in Tasikmalaya and 8% in Sukabumi Districts are below the poverty line, of whom some lived in upland areas. This paper analysed the local farmers’ strategies in mitigating drought. The planting pattern in both districts varied, rice-rice-CGRT crops, rice- CGRT crops -rice, rice- CGRT crops -not planted and rice- not planted -not planted. This diverse planting pattern occurred because farmers are dependent on the rainy season. This paper described alternative food crops selection strategies for the farmers to mitigate drought.

Nowdays, increasing in food availability is not only focused on increasing production, but also by reducing losses at the production and distribution stages (food loss). The purpose of this study is: estimating the volume and value of food loss of rice commodities at the stage of harvesting, threshing, drying, milling, and distribution of rice in Karawang Regency. The research method used are quantitative analysis and qualitative description analysis, by using the method of calculating food loss. Based on research, rice loss occurs in every process starting from harvesting, threshing, drying, grinding and distribution in Karawang Regency. The greatest loss of rice in Karawang Regency occurred at the stage of milling. Estimated value of rice loss in Karawang Regency is around Rp. 321 billion/year. The size of the loss of rice in Karawang Regency locations indicates the need for various efforts to reduce these losses.

One of the sectors in Indonesia's GDP that has an important role in increasing economic growth is the agricultural sector. The horticulture sub-sector ranked fourth and contributes 14,96 percenet to the GRDP of the agricultural sector in 2021. Red chili is one of the horticultural commodities that has market opportunities quite good in terms of price and expected to increase farmer’s income. One way to increase farmer’s  income is to increase productivity, which is supported by superior or certificate seed varieties. The objective of this study are to analyze the factors that influence farmers to choose certified and non-certified seeds, analyze the factors that influence the income of red chili farmers and the willingness to pay for red chili farmers to use certified and non-certified seeds in X-Koto District, Tanah Datar Regency. The method used in this study are binary logistic analysis, multiple regression analysis, and contingent valuation method. Based on the results of the study, the variables that significantly influenced farmers to choose certified seeds were age, education, land area, family responsibilities, farming experience, and acceptance. Factors that affect the income of farmers who use certified seeds are land area and education, while farmers who use non-certified seeds are land area and revenue. This showed that farmer’s education greatly influences their willingness to accept new innovations including the use of certified seeds in farming The farmer’s average willingness to pay for certified and non-certified red chili seeds is Rp31.165/10 gram and Rp67.331/10 gram.