Left atrial dysfunction is evident in stage 3 CKD with associated LA enlargement. This study demonstrates that LA GS and SR were reduced in the CKD group despite similar LAVI in the CKD with HT and HT group. Hence LA GS and SR may be a more sensitive noninvasive tool to detect cardiovascular involvement in CKD.

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a growing burden worldwide, leading to over 10 million deaths each year. Our previous primary health surveys in 2013 and 2018 show that 25.8% to 34.1% of adults have raised BP, which is associated with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renovascular morbidity and mortality. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness of high BP and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of screening programmes worldwide. An opportunistic cross-sectional survey of volunteers aged ≥18 was carried out in May 2017. Blood pressure measurement, the definition of hypertension and statistical analysis followed the standard MMM protocol. We recruited 292 sites in all 34 provinces in Indonesia, and screened in public areas and offices as well as health centres. A total of 69 307 individuals were screened. After multiple imputation, 23 892 (34.5%) had hypertension. Of individuals not receiving antihypertensive medication, 20.0% were hypertensive. Among individuals receiving antihypertensive medication, 7885 (62.8%) had uncontrolled BP. MMM17 was the largest standardized screening campaign for BP measurement in our country. The proportion of individuals identified with hypertension and the percentage of those with uncontrolled BP on medication provide evidence of the substantial challenges in managing hypertension in the community. These results suggest that opportunistic screening can identify significant numbers of individuals with raised BP.

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a significant burden worldwide, leading to high cardio-cerebro-reno-vascular morbidity and mortality. For the second year of the May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign in Indonesia in 2018, we recruited 174 sites in 31 out of 34 provinces in Indonesia and screened through convenience sampling in public areas and rural primary health centres. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, or both, or on the basis of receiving antihypertensive medication. Blood pressure was measured three times followed the standard global MMM protocol, multiple imputation was used to estimate the mean of the 2nd and 3rd BP readings if these were not recorded. A total of 91 222 individuals were screened, and after multiple imputations, 27 331 (30.0%) had hypertension. Of individuals not receiving antihypertensive medication, 14 367 (18.4%) were hypertensive. Among the 47.4% of hypertensive individuals on antihypertensive medication, 10 106 (78.0%) had uncontrolled BP. MMM17 and MMM18 were still the most extensive standardized screening campaigns for BP measurement in Indonesia. Compared to the previous study, the proportion with uncontrolled BP on medication was significantly higher and provided the substantial challenges in managing hypertension in the rural community.