Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s works are highly distinguished for their strong realist characteristic and profound analysis of interactions among pre- and post- colonial human beings and their place in society. One of the works that portray such characteristics is “Houseboy + Maid”, the first story in Toer’s collection Tales from Djakarta: Caricatures of Circumstances and Their Human Beings. In this research, post-colonialism and contrapuntal reading proposed by Edward Said are used as methods to interpret a literary work whose narration is about two characters who live in post-colonial Indonesia, or rather post-revolutionary Indonesia. Their unfixed identities which are interrelated through the changing event of the plot indicates that their very destiny cannot be separated from the “politicality, sociality, and historicality” of much bigger entities.

Modernism in writing had influences or impacts from the Industrial Revolution that took place before and after the turn of the 20th century. Unsurprisingly, it affected many changes in human’s thought. In this article, I discussed influences of the changes that are represented in two short stories titled “Mabel” by W.S. Maugham and “The Rocking-Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence.

Modernism’s overemphasize on universal objectivity as well as its optimistic humanism have generated critical questions. The critics on modernism, labeled under the name of postmodernists, question the neutrality assumed by humanist universalism and scientific objectivism. Seeing the ugly sides of enlightenments, the modernist critics begins to see modernism “as deeply implicated by forms of oppression: sexism, racism, class-ism, colonialism”. The purpose of this paper is to analyze a modernist work from the view point of postmodernism. The work that is under discussion here is “Tonka” by Robert Musil. Within the story, we can see that a form of oppression appears. We are to find  how the form of oppression within the story works. It is interesting to find that the oppression works through the act of silencing. To see how silence is interwoven in the story, we have to firstly set some limitation to make possible the discussion on silence itself. The easiest way to do it is by putting the entity in a binary opposition since the text strongly shows binary organization.

Makalah ini membahas bagaimana metafora konseptual yang bersifat konvensional dimodifikasi dalam tiga iklan asuransi. Pendekatan yang digunakan yaitu kajian linguistik kognitif berdasarkan teori Lakoff dan Johnson (1980) dan Kövecses (2010). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkap tujuan komunikatif dalam suatu periklanan yang menggunakan gaya bahasa tertentu, dalam hal ini metafora konseptual.  Selanjutnya, studi ini akan menunjukkan sampai sejauh mana keefektifan dan keefesienan metafora konseptual yang dimodifikasi tersebut. Hasil dari kajian ini memperlihatkan bahwa tiga iklan asuransi yang menjadi objek penelitian menggunakan versi modifikasi dari metafora konseptual yang konvensional melalui cara ‘extending’ ‘elaboration’ dan/atau ‘combining’.Dengan cara-cara tersebut, iklan-iklan asuransi ini sepertinya memiliki tujuan untuk menanamkan ide dramatis dalam benak pembaca sehingga mereka menjadi tertarik untuk membeli produknya