Luminescent carbene−metal−amide complexes bearing group 11 metals (Cu, Ag, Au) have recently attracted great attention due to their exceptional emission efficiency and high radiative decay rates (k r ). These materials provide a less costly alternative to organic light-emitting diode (OLED) emitters based on more scarce metals, such as Ir and Pt. Herein, a series of eight Cu(I) complexes bearing as yet unexplored 1,3thiazoline carbenes have been investigated and analyzed with respect to their light emission properties and OLED application. For the first time among the class of copper-based organometallic compounds the formation of efficient electroluminescent excimers is demonstrated. The prevalence of electroluminescence (EL) from either the monomer (bluish green) or the excimer (orange-red) can be adjusted in vacuum-deposited emissive layers by altering the extent of steric encumbrance of the emitter or its concentration. Optimized conditions in terms of the emitter structure and mass fraction allowed a simultaneous EL from the monomer and excimer, which laid the basis for a preparation of a single-emitter white OLED (WOLED) with external quantum efficiency of 16.5% and a maximum luminance of over 40000 cd m −2 . Wide overlapping emission bands of the monomer and excimer ensure a device color rendering index (CRI) of above 80. In such a way the prospects of copper complexes as cost-effective materials for lighting devices are demonstrated, offering expense reduction through a cheaper emissive component and a simplified device architecture.

The through-space charge transfer (CT) process is observed in Cu(I) carbene−metal−amide complexes, where conventional imidazole or imidazoline N-heterocyclic (NHC) carbene fragments act as inert linkers and CT proceeds between a metal-bound carbazole donor and a distantly situated carbenebound phenylsulfonyl acceptor. The resulting electron transfer gives a rise to efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), characterized with high photoluminescence quantum yields (Φ PL up to 90%) and radiative rates (k r ) up to 3.32 × 10 5 s −1 . The TADF process is aided by fast reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) rates of up to 2.56 × 10 7 s −1 . Such emitters can be considered as hybrids of two existing TADF emitter design strategies, combining low singlet−triplet energy gaps (ΔE ST ) met in all-organic exciplex-like emitters (0.0062−0.0075 eV) and small, but non-negligible spin−orbital coupling (SOC) provided by a Cu atom, like in TADF-active organometallic complexes.

No abstract

Recently an efficient dual electroluminescence from monomers and dimers was observed among the structural examples of the emerging emitter class of carbene-metal-amides (CMAs), allowing the preparation of simple design white...

Functionalization with 1,1,1-triphenylmethylpentane groups can be used for heteroleptic iridium(iii) complexes in order to obtain solution-processable OLED emitters.