One of the main components of rice husk ash (RHA) is silica, which can be used as raw material for fertilizer. The study examined influences of various volume and concentration on silica extraction. The silica was extracted using a technical alkaline grade solvent (NaOH) with a variation in volume/the ratio of RHA to the amount of solvents (1: 4, 1: 5, and 1: 6) and the solvent concentration (0.50, 0.75 and 1 N). The highest average yield was found in the concentration of 1 N solvent with the ratio of RHA to the number of solvents 1: 6 is 62.83%. Based on the physical characteristics of silica from RHA which include whiteness (93.2496.66%), moisture content (0.49-2.81%), and density (0.56-0.95 g / mL) indicates that the use of technical alkaline solvents tends to decrease the purity of the proven silica also with the presence of major contaminants such as Na and Cl and other elements through SEM-EDX, XRF, and XRD test. In saline soils, the presence of contaminants in silica with an amorphous phase (2θ = 22.29°) especially Na and Cl may have a negative effect if used as raw material for fertilizers.

Abstract-A novel Sulfonated Polystyrene (PSS) has been synthesized by sulfonation polystyrene waste for a comparative study of proton exchange membranes (PEM) that is intended for fuel cell applications. The degree of sulfonation (DS) of the sulfonated PS was determined using titration method. We systematically investigated the water uptake, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability of the cross-linked membranes. The mass averaged molecular weights Mw of PSS was estimated from intrinsic viscosities measured in sulfuric acid solutions. A related homopolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The structures of PSS were elucidated, and the effect of sulfonation level on the PSS FT-IR spectrum was studied. PSS membrane surface morphology was investigated by SEM and AFM.The highest of proton conductivity of the membrane in the temperature range of 25-750C was found to be 3.8 µS/cm Index Terms-AFM, FT-IR, fuel cell, polystyrene sulfonated, SEM.

Lotion adalah salah satu produk emulsi berbentuk dispersi padat dengan bahan pengemulsi (emulsifier) yang sesuai. Lotion termasuk dalam kosmetik (personal care) yang biasanya digunakan untuk melembabkan, melembutkan, dan menghaluskan kulit. Jenis emulsi pada personal care yaitu emulsi oil in water (o/w) yang cenderung bersifat polar. Emulsifier yang sering digunakan dalam pembuatan lotion adalah emulsifier yang terbentuk menggunakan metode penyabunan dari minyak parafin dan alkali trietanolamin. Kestabilan emulsi ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh nilai pH dan viskositas (kepolaran). Emulsi yang memiliki tingkat polaritas yang serupa dengan minyak, akan cenderung stabil. Diketahui, parafin memiliki kepolaran yang rendah, sedangkan beberapa jenis minyak lain seperti 2-Etilheksil Palmitat, Dikaprilil Eter, Koko gliserida, Oktil dodekanol memiliki kepolaran yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan beberapa jenis alkali seperti KOH flakes, AMP 95, AMP Ultra PC 3000, Tris Amino Ultra dan Neutrol TE memiliki pH yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan trietanolamin. Berdasarkan hal-hal tersebut, maka pada penelitian ini emulsifier pada lotion dibentuk dengan mereaksikan asam stearat pada berbagai jenis minyak dan alkali yang memiliki kepolaran dan nilai pH yang lebih tinggi dari penggunaan minyak dan alkali sebelumnya. Pencampuran antara fase minyak dan alkali dilakukan pada suhu 70−75 ºC untuk memudahkan proses emulsifikasi. Hasil yang didapat dari pengujian stabilitas emulsi lotion menunjukkan bahwa lotion di semua jenis minyak dan alkali stabil pada suhu simpan (suhu ruang, 45ºC dan 50ºC), dan pH berada di kisaran 6.75-7.60, namun emulsi lotion yang paling baik dan sesuai standar SNI 16-4399-1996 adalah menggunakan emulsifier hasil penyabunan alkali Neutrol TE dan minyak Oktil dodekanol yang memiliki nilai pH 6.76-7.03, dan viskositas 35000-43000 cP. Kata kunci: lotion, metode penyabunan, oil in water, produk personal care, stabilitas emulsi ABSTRACT The lotion is one of the solid dispersion emulsion products with suitable emulsifiers. Lotion is included in cosmetics (personal care) which is usually used to moisturize, soften, and soften the skin. Types of emulsions in personal care are oil in water (o/w) emulsions which tend to be polar in nature. Emulsifiers that are often used in lotion making are emulsifiers that are formed using the saponification method of paraffin oil and triethanolamine alkali. The stability of this emulsion can be influenced by pH and viscosity (polarity) values. Emulsions that have a similar degree of polarity to oil, will tend to be stable. It is known, paraffin has a low polarity, while some other types of oils such as 2-Ethylhexyl Palmitate, Dicaprilyl Ether, Cocoglycerides, Octyldodecanol have a higher polarity, whereas some types of alkalis such as KOH flakes, AMP 95, AMP Ultra PC 3000, Tris Amino Ultra and Neutrol TE have a higher pH than Triethanolamine. Based on these things, the emulsifier in the lotion was formed by reacting stearic acid in various types of oils and alkalis which had higher polarity and pH va...

Indonesia is a tropical country with mega-biodiversity. Several medicinal plants locally have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and are traditionally used to help treat respiratory diseases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the diseases known as the high cause of death globally, and one of the treatment efforts is by using anti-inflammatory drugs. In developing alternative remedies for COPD, this review summarizes the potential of Indonesian medicinal plants and their ingredients known to have an anti-inflammatory activity to develop alternative remedies for COPD. Primarily, we focus on the medicinal plants that have been scientifically proven to pose some biological activities, such as legetan warak (Adenostemma lavenia), celery (Apium graveolens), pegagan (Centella asiatica), kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), and kersen (Muntingia calabura). This review is expected to provide more information about Indonesian medicinal plants and their potencies to be developed as COPD herbal medicine and, further, as a treatment to help patients suffering from coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

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