This study aims to determine and analyze direct correlation of capital, man power, land size, and also production costs to income of red onion farming business; the impact of capital, man power, and also land size towards cost of red onion farming business; and the impact of capital, man power, land area towards income through the cost of red onion farming business in Sigi District. This research used primary data. Population was red onion farmer from three villages and the sample was deliberately determined considering that three villages are red onion producing areas in this district. Analysis for this research are using a structural equation model. From the analysis showed: (1) Production factors of capital, man power and land size had a direct and influential impact towards income; (2) Concerning the impact from production factor on costs, the capital variable had a positive and influential impact towards costs; man power variable had a positive and influential impact towards costs, and  land size had a positive and influential impact towards costs; (3) In terms of indirect impact, the variables of capital, man power and land size have a positive and influential impact towards income through mediation of red onion farming costs at Sigi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.

This study aims to identify the social capital, co-production, and sustainability of KUD (Village Unit Cooperatives) business. It used descriptive research design using primary data obtained from KUD administrators and KUD members through the focus group discussion (FGD). It used FGD because in general KUD activities stopped after being affected by the natural disasters on September 28, 2018, and during the Covid 19 pandemic so that most of the KUD administrators and members were inactive and difficult to find. The findings of this study showed that (1) some KUD businesses have decreased the number of active KUD members, reduced income and SHU (net income) of KUD members due to the natural disasters that damage property and livelihoods of community members, especially members of KUD; (2) The active participation of KUD members has significantly decreased; (3) Only half of the number of KUDs are still running their activities; and (4) Overal, the social capital, co-production, and sustainability variables of KUD business are low.