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INTRODUCTIONUltrasonography is one of the most important and useful diagnostic tool in the field of modern medicine. Being non-invasive, safe and without hazards of radiation, it has gained wide acceptability, as an integral part of basic investigative procedures.The convenience, high portability, rapidity, and accuracy are few of the advantages of ultrasound over the other procedures. In the last two decades, ultrasound has become an essential diagnostic imaging modality in the field of obstetrics and is being extensively used for evaluation of pregnancy. Obstetrical ultrasound enables the clinician to evaluate the development, growth, and wellbeing of the fetus. The ability to study the fetus in the intrauterine environment has been notably enhanced by dramatic improvement in imaging.Transvaginal ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy. He commented that recent improvements in transvaginal ultrasound permit the extremely detailed observation of the morphology of the early conceptus in utero. 1Vaginal bleeding is a common presentation in the emergency department during the first trimester. ABSTRACTBackground: Vaginal bleeding in the first trimester is a common obstetric situation ranging from an insignificant episode to life threatening emergency. The major causes are abortion, ectopic, and molar pregnancy. Ultrasonography is playing an increasing role in the diagnostic process. This study was taken up to evaluate its utility vis-à-vis clinical examination findings. Methods: A Prospective study was carried out on all inpatients admitted to Gopnath Maternity Home, Sir T. Hospital, Bhavnagar with complaints of bleeding per vaginum in the first trimester of pregnancy during the study period from December 2016 to May 2017. A complete general physical and pelvic examination was done to arrive at a clinical diagnosis. Patients were then subjected to ultrasound examination. Clinical diagnosis and ultrasound diagnosis were correlated. Results: Among these 200 cases, threatened abortion was the commonest cause of bleeding. This was observed in 74 cases (37%). There were 40 (20%) cases of missed abortion in the present study. Incomplete abortion and complete abortion in 14 and 6 cases respectively. There were 26 (13%) cases of ectopic pregnancy. Conclusions: Ultrasound is a valuable tool in the differentiation of causes of first trimester vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound is helpful in the decision-making algorithm about the safe continuation of the pregnancy, timely intervention for abnormal pregnancy.

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Gonioscopy is the widely used technique of grading and evaluating the anterior chamber angle in current glaucoma evaluation practice. The grading of angle and open angle or narrow angle classification with gonioscopy is fairly accurate when done by an experienced ophthalmologist. In recent years, UBM and anterior segment OCT are advanced and in depth imaging tools for the anterior segment evaluation and accurate angle measurements. In our study, we have included 200 eyes for anterior chamber angle grading with gonioscopy and UBM and results are compared. Our study shows that some amount of estimation of angle depth by gonioscopy is overestimated in nearly closed and grade 1 angles. Estimation of grades 2 and 3 is nearly accurate with gonioscopy and comparable to UBM angle grading. Over diagnosis of occludable angles with gonioscopy which can be explained due to iris contour, inter-observer reliability or limitation to examine far periphery of the angle and this can be overcome by UBM examination. UBM provides accurate anterior chamber angle in degrees, peripheral iris configuration details and quantification of measurements is possible.

Blastocysts vitrified in day 5 and 6 of culture have the same implantation rate when transferred in freeze-thaw cycles of women of the same age group. As expected day-five blastocysts implantation potential and clinical pregnancy rates decrease as maternal age increases. Surprisingly, the same behaviour is not observed with day-six blastocysts, however, this can be due to the low number of cases present in some of the age groups.