Numerous studies have investigated the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils from different Citrus species fruit peel, leaves and flowers. This paper aims to investigate the chemical composition, larvicidal and antileishmanial activities of essential oil from Citrus reticulata fruit peel (CR-EO). CR-EO was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and its chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Limonene (85.7%), ɣ-terpinene (6.7%) and myrcene (2.1%) were identified as its major components. CR-EO showed high activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 = 8.23 µg/mL). CR-EO also exhibited high larvicidal activity against third instar Aedes aegypti larvae at a lethal concentration (LC50 = 58.35 µg/mL) and 100% mortality at 150 µg/mL. This study suggests, for the first time, the potential use of CR-EO against this important mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the genus Aedes.
The polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, are low-molecular weight substances, synthesized in eucariot cells from their immediate precursor, ornithine. The polyamines are found in fruits and vegetables, foods of animal origin and fermented food products. As plant growth regulators, are believed to be involved in several physiological processes. Gibberellins are plant hormones that regulate growth and influence various developmental processes and are derived via the ent-gibberellane skeleton. Gibberellins are synthesized by the terpenoid pathway in plastids and then modified in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol until they reach their biologically-active form. Here, we show the importance gibberellin and polyamines functions in plant growth, development, and postharvest senescence of various ornamental plants. Studies initiated on the application of the polyamines and gibberellins in ornamental plants should improve our knowledge in the future.
Os adjuvantes podem melhorar a qualidade das aplicações, porém a interação adjuvante e agrotóxico é um processo complexo, que envolve muitos aspectos físicos, químicos e fisiológicos, e pode variar para cada condição testada. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a compatibilidade físico-química de caldas fungicidas comumente utilizadas na cultura da soja associadas a diferentes adjuvantes e com a água. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema fatorial 3 x 5 com quatro repetições, sendo o primeiro fator referente aos fungicidas (Fox®, Orkestra® e Mancozeb Glory®) e o segundo fator aos adjuvantes (Assist®, Aureo®, Nimbus®, Prime® + Prime citrus® e a água). A concentração das caldas foi estipulada adotando-se volume de calda de 100 L ha-1 e a dose recomendada pelos fabricantes. As características avaliadas foram: compatibilidade física (presença ou não de floculação, sedimentação, separação de fases, formação de grumos, separação de óleo, formação de cristais e creme e formação de espuma) e compatibilidade química (pH e condutividade elétrica). As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey a 0,05 de significância. Os fungicidas possuem afinidades diferentes com os adjuvantes não sendo possível generalizar as recomendações. A compatibilidade físico-química entre os fungicidas e os adjuvantes avaliados é dependente do período de repouso sendo fundamental a agitação constante antes e durante a aplicação. Na ausência de agitação no tanque de pulverização, o adjuvante Aureo® é mais indicado por manter a homogeneidade física das caldas. A maior redução do pH, bem como o maior aumento na condutividade elétrica das caldas fungicidas foram ocasionados pelos adjuvantes: Prime®+ Prime Citrus®.
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