No abstract

Vanilla stem rot, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (Fov), is the main constraint to increasing vanilla production in the major vanilla‐producing countries, including Indonesia. The current study investigated the origin of Fov in Indonesia using a multigene phylogenetic approach. Nineteen Fov isolates were selected to represent Indonesia, the Comoros, Mexico and Réunion Island. The translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene and the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene phylogenies resolved the Fov isolates into three distinct clades in both phylogenetic species of the F. oxysporum species complex, indicating a polyphyletic pattern of evolution. In addition, Fov isolates from Indonesia were also polyphyletic. These results suggest that the vanilla stem rot pathogen in Indonesia has a complex origin. The implications for disease management are discussed.

The research aims to assess the response to the growth and production of onion against of liquid organic fertilizer from cow biourie in some concentrations and to get the best concentration for the growth and production of red onion. The research was conducted atfield experimental in Pandu, North Minahasa regency from May to July 2014. The experiment was designed using a randomized block design. The treatment was concentration of cow biourine namely 0% (B 1 ) 10%, (B 2 ) 20%, (B 3 ) 30%, (B 4 ) 40% and (B 5 ) 50%. Each treatment was replicated three times. Characters observed were plant height, number of leaves, tuber diameter, number of tuber, fresh weight of tuber with leaves and dry weight of tuber. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance. The result showed that the biourine concentration had significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, tuber diameter, number of tuber, fresh weight of tuber with leaves and dry weight of tuber. Treatment of B1, B2, B3 and B4 concentration were not significant difference at plant height. However, those four treatments were significantly different compared to B0 and B5. The fives treatment differed with the control on characters of number of leaves, number of tuber andfresh weight of tuber with leaves. On character of tuber dry weight, B2 treatment was significant difference compared to control whereas the other treatments were not significantly differed. On character of tuber diameter, three treatments were significant difference compared to the control namely B2, B4 and B5. ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan mengkaji respon pertumbuhan dan produksi bawang merah terhadap pemberian pupuk organik dari biourine sapi pada berbagai konsenrtasi dan mendapatkan konsentrasi terbaik untuk pertumbuhan dan produksi bawang merah. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan di Pandu, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara dari Mei hingga Juli 2014. Penelitian dirancang dengan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok.Perlakuan konsentrasi biourine sapi yaitu 0% (B1) 10%, (B2) 20%, (B3) 30%, (B4) 40% dan (B5) 50%.Setiap perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Karakter yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, diameter umbi, jumlah umbi, berat umbi segardengan daun dan berat umbi kering. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis varian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi biourine memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, diameter umbi, jumlah umbi, berat umbi segardengan daun dan berat umbi kering dengan daun. Perlakuan konsetrasi B1, B2, B3 dan B4 tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada tinggi tanaman. Namun, empat perlakuan berbeda secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan B0 dan B5. Lima perlakuan berbeda nyata dengan kontrol pada karakter jumlah daun, jumlah umbi dan berat segar umbi dengan daun. Pada karakter berat umbi kering dengan daun, perlakuan B2 berbeda secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol sedangkan perlakuan lainnya tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Pada karakter diameter umbi, tiga perlakuanyaitu B2, B4 dan B5memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan dibanding ...