Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) as well as γ- and α-synucleins are currently the subject of a special comprehensive study due to their direct influence on the formation of neoplastic processes. This review article presents informative data on the role of aliphatic polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine) in the induction of a number of oncological diseases with their localization in the digestive and urinary systems. Aspects related to the synthesis and aggregation of γ-synucleins into malignantly reborn cells have been discussed. The article provides information on the possible prevention of further growth of malignant cells, by inhibiting enzymatic processes responsible for the polyamine synthesis. In case of prolonged persistence of Helicobacter Pylori in the stomach, an enhanced synthesis of polyamines and cumulation in situ of oligo- and aggregated gamma synucleins occurs in mucous membrane cells. It is possible that all of the abovementioned factors in total directly and/or indirectly have a stimulating effect on the processes of the malignancy of gastric mucosal cells. The subject of special discussion was the latest literature data, according to which, under the conditions of Helicobacter Pylori persistence in the digestive tract organs, in the gastric mucosal cells an enhanced synthesis of putrescine occurs, high concentrations of which can have a co-carcinogenic effect on normally functioning target cells. From a qualitatively new point of view, the fact of cumulation in malignantly reborn cells of an aggregated gamma synuclein, which was found during Helicobacter Pylori infection, should be considered.

This article presents our views on main scientific and methodological approaches regarding the advantages of conducting mass vaccination of healthy individuals and COVID-19 convalescents. First of all, the focus is on issues regarding the antigenic potencies of SARS-CoV-2, based on which vaccines have been created over the past three years that have successfully passed preclinical and clinical testing, as well as licensing. The subjects of specal discussion were aspects related to the short-term effect of the main vaccines, as a result of which revaccination is recommended. It is assumed that more than one antigenic determinant is expressed on the surface of SARS-CoV-2. In the conclusion paragraph, we have presented our own concept on most topical situational issues among the population of many countries in the process of vaccination against COVID-19. Is it worth getting vaccinated at all if complications can arise that lead to disability and death even in practically healthy individuals, not to mention the elderly contingent with chronic diseases? In making a positive decision, the question arises in terms of choosing a vaccine, since vaccines are used in different countries, in the production of which different scientific, methodological and technological approaches are used. If there is a need for re-vaccination within a short period after the first vaccination? As a rule, it is recommended to re-vaccinate in 14-30 days after the first vaccination. In this regard, there are concerns about the low efficacy (weak selective immunogenic activity) of vaccines. How expedient, if not contraindicated, is to “fully” vaccinate patients in the recovery period, as well as over the next one to two months, if they have high levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies? In case of re-vaccination, it is necessary to find out whether it is possible to get the second vaccination using a commercial vaccine of another manufacturer, especially since many developing countries do not currently have such a vaccine that has been introduced during the first vaccination. How competent is it to vaccinate a wide range of healthy individuals against COVID-19 and influenza - for the same time or with the shortest time interval?

For the past twenty years, information concerning the relationship between Parkinson’s disease and the use of tobacco products has appeared in highly respected scientific publications. As a whole, these studies were epidemiological. As a rule, these studies showed that individuals who abused tobacco products for many years and quit smoking only in old age had a significantly increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease. Only a few studies have attempted to identify the structural-functional relationship between the effects of nicotine on the representative brain areas responsible for the onset of Parkinson’s disease. During prolonged tobacco use, nicotine that enters the brain tissue activates the nicotine-dependent acetylcholine receptors localized in dopaminergic neurons, resulting in the release of dopamine. In this study, we attempted to investigate the mechanisms underlying the onset of Parkinson’s disease in individuals who have quit smoking, i.e. under conditions of nicotine withdrawal in the brain.” In our opinion, the “preventive effect” of nicotine on dopaminergic neurons is realized through four interdependent mechanisms: 1. By the receptor mechanism, due to the nicotine-dependent acetylcholine receptors located on dopaminergic neurons, 2. Due to the balanced release and reuptake of dopamine to dopaminergic neurons, 3. Due to prevention of α-synuclein aggregation and fibrillation process, 4. Due to the inhibitory effect of nicotine on the processes of activating the synthesis of aliphatic polyamines in dopaminergic neurons of the corpus striatum and nucleus caudatum. In cases of nicotine “deficiency”, neurodegenerative disorders pathognomonic for Parkinson’s disease can occur in the brain: 1. The exchange of dopamine and aliphatic polyamines in dopaminergic neurons is disturbed, 2. The processes of transforming native α-synuclein into its aggregated and fibrillar forms are intensified, 3. Ultimately, the intraneuronal dopamine-synuclein complex with a pronounced neurotoxic action spectrum may appear. 4. Older adults, in conditions of abrupt smoking cessation, are recommended to use Eflornithine, as well as a polyamine-free and polyamine-deficient diet.