Na ogół w literaturze pojęcie miernika jest używane zamiennie z pojęciem wskaźnika. Takie podejście zastosowano również w niniejszym opracowaniu. 2 Miernikami obiektywnymi są m.in. wartość PKB per capita oraz wskaźniki: analfabetyzmu, bezrobocia, płacy realnej, dostępu do wody pitnej, dostępu do ochrony zdrowia, przewidywanej długości życia, umieralności niemowląt, wartości kalorycznej spożywanych posiłków, odsetka ludności osiągającej dochód niższy od określonego minimum socjalnego itp. 3 Miernikiem subiektywnym jest m.in. wskaźnik ubóstwa subiektywnego, czyli samoocena sytuacji materialnej na poziomie wystarczającym do zaspokojenia podstawowych potrzeb w stopniu graniczącym z poczuciem własnej godności.
The reflections on the topic of this article are focused on achieving two goals. First of all, they are to diagnose a present situation of Polish regions in the scope of sustainable development so the situation taking into consideration the issues such as employment, innovation, climate change and energy, education, poverty and social exclusion. Accomplishing this goal will allow to indicate leaders and outsiders, thus the regions which currently have the highest and the lowest chances to achieve the main and measureable goals determined in the strategy Europe 2020. Secondly, the aim of this paper is to establish whether the issues brought up in the new EU strategy are reflected in goals, priorities and performance described in particular regional development strategies, especially taking into account leaders and outsiders.Keywords: strategy Europe 2020, regional development strategies, management of regional development, indicators, Bray-Curtis measure StreszczenieRozważania będące przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania podporządkowane są osiągnięciu dwóch celów. Po pierwsze, zmierzają do zdiagnozowania aktualnej sytuacji polskich regionów w zakresie zrównoważonego rozwoju, a więc sytuacji uwzględniającej kwestie zatrudnienia, innowacji, zmian klimatu i energii, edukacji oraz ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego. Osiągnięcie tego celu pozwoli wskazać faworytów i "outsiderów", czyli regiony, które mają obecnie stosunkowo największe i najmniejsze szanse na osiągnięcie nadrzędnych i wymiernych celów UE określonych w strategii Europa 2020. Po drugie, rozważania zmierzają do ustalenia, czy kwestie poruszane w nowej unijnej strategii znajdują odzwierciedlenie w celach, priorytetach i działaniach ujętych w strategiach rozwoju poszczególnych regionów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem faworytów i "outsiderów".Słowa kluczowe: strategia Europa 2020, strategie rozwoju województw, zarządzanie rozwojem regionu, wskaźniki, miara Braya-Curtisa
Purpose: Deferred income is one of the elements that may affect the accuracy of financial analysis. In many countries, it is recognized as a liability. The purpose of this article is to assess whether the economic nature of deferred income items is closer to equity or liabili-ties and to evaluate how their different treatment affects the accuracy of the assessment of the entity’s financial condition. The research hypothesis assumes that certain categories of deferred income are, by their economic nature, closer to equity than to liabilities, and their different treatment significantly affects the accuracy of the assessment of the entity’s fi-nancial condition. Methodology/approach: The research methodology includes a critical analysis of the literature data and legal acts, the induction method, the descriptive method, and statistical methods. Findings: The analysis showed that the economic character of deferred income varies; some items of deferred income can be classified as liabilities while the others are equity-type. The latter constitute a considerable share in the balance sheets of some entities. It has been found that treating them as equity while calculating financial ratios significantly affected their values. Research limitations/implications: There are no grounds to reject the hypothesis. The study indicates the necessity to analyze the financial condition using modified financial ratios. Originality/value: The study broadens the discussion of the economic nature of deferred income and improves the methodology and accuracy of the entity’s financial analysis.
The aim of this article is to emphasize that higher education institutions are now attributable to a significant role in creating development processes. Therefore, the records included in the European, Polish and supraregional strategic documents, which directly relate to higher education, have been analysed. In particular, the following documents were analysed: “Europe 2020”; “Concept of National Spatial Development 2030” (CNSD); “Long-term National Development Strategy - Poland 2030. Third Wave of Innovation” (LNDS); “National Development Strategy 2020” (NDS); integrated strategies i.e. “National Strategy of Regional Development 2010-2020: Regions, Cities, Rural Areas” (NSRD), “Strategy for Innovation and Economic Efficiency. Dynamic Poland 2020” (SIEE), “Human Capital Development Strategy 2020” (HCDS), “Social Capital Development Strategy by 2020” (SCDS); supraregional strategies i.e. “Development Strategy of Central Poland by 2020” (DSCP), “Development Strategy of Southern Poland by 2020” (DSSP), “Socio-Economic Strategy of Eastern Poland by 2020” (SSEP) and “Development Strategy of Western Poland by 2020” (DSWP). These documents were downloaded from the websites of the relevant institutions in March 2016.
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