Phonon polaritons (PhPs)lattice vibrations coupled to electromagnetic fieldsin highly anisotropic media display a plethora of intriguing optical phenomena, including ray-like propagation, anomalous refraction, and topological transitions, among others, which have potential for unprecedented manipulation of the flow of light at the nanoscale. However, the properties of these PhPs are intrinsically dictated by the anisotropic crystal structure of the host material. Although in-plane anisotropic PhPs can be steered, and even canalized, by twisting individual crystal slabs in a van der Waals (vdW) stack, active control of their propagation via external stimuli presents a significant challenge. Here, we report on a technology in which anisotropic PhPs supported by biaxial vdW slabs are actively tuned by simply gating an integrated graphene layer. Excitingly, we predict active tuning of optical topological transitions, which enable controlling the canalization of PhPs along different in-plane directions in twisted heterostructures. Apart from their fundamental interest, our findings hold promises for the development of optoelectronic devices (sensors, photodetectors, etc.) based on PhPs with dynamically controllable properties.
El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar si diferentes formatos de juegos reducidos (JR) producían variaciones en la demanda fisiológica de los jugadores. Para ello se escogió una situación con el espacio no orientado o de mantenimiento (JRM), y dos situaciones con espacio orientado: una con porteros y porterías reglamentarias (JRP), y otra con porterías pequeñas y sin porteros (JRpp). El resto de las variables se mantuvieron constantes: dimensiones del terreno de juego, número de jugadores y reglas. Además se estudió si existían diferencias para las diferentes demarcaciones ocupadas por los jugadores. 18 jugadores de fútbol aficionados pertenecientes al mismo equipo de categoría senior participaron en el estudio, completando 3 sesiones, con 3 JR en cada una de ellas (JRM, JRpp y JRP). Se cuantificó la frecuencia cardiaca media (Fcmed) obtenida en cada JR, la frecuencia cardiaca máxima (Fcmáx) y sus valores porcentuales. Además se estudió el porcentaje de tiempo en diferentes rangos de intensidad. Los resultados indican que la modificación de la orientación del espacio en el juego afecta a la intensidad del mismo, obteniéndose valores de Fcmed (%) más elevadas en el JRM y en JRpp que en el JRP (p<0.05). Además, la demarcación ocupada por el jugador afecta a la respuesta fisiológica (p<0.05). Los técnicos deportivos pueden manipular la orientación del espacio para modular la intensidad del JR, exigiendo en mayor o menor medida a determinadas demarcaciones en función del tipo de juego propuesto.Palabras clave: fútbol; juegos reducidos; frecuencia cardiaca; entrenamiento aeróbico. R e s u m e nCorrespondencia/correspondence: David Casamichana Gómez Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte. Universidad del País Vasco (UPV-EHU) E-mail: davidcasamichana@gmail.comThe aim of the study was to investigate whether different small-sided game (SSG) formats produced small variations in the physiological demand to the players. To do this we selected a situation with no oriented space or maintenance (JRM), and two space-oriented situations: one with goalkeepers and regulatory goals (JRP), and another with small goals and no goalkeepers (JRpp). All other variables remained constant: the pitch size, number of players and rules. Also, we studied whether there were differences for different demarcation occupied by the players. 18 amateur soccer players from the same team of senior category participated in the study, completing 3 sessions, reduced with 3 games each of them (JRM, JRpp and JRP). We quantified the average heart rate (HRmean) obtained in each SSG, maximum heart rate (HRmax) and percentage values. In addition, we studied the percentage of time in different ranges of intensity. The results indicate that changing the orientation of the space in the game affect the intensity, producing values of HRmean (%) higher in the JRM and JRpp than the JRP (p<0.05). In addition, the demarcation occupied by the player affects the physiological response (p<0.05). Sports trainers can manipulate the orientation of space to mod...
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