A new microwave-assisted derivatisation and LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the analysis of nitrofuran metabolites - 3-amino-5-morpholino-methyl-1,3-oxa-zolidinone (AMOZ), 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 1-aminohydantoin (AHD) and semicarbazide (SEM) - in farm-raised prawns (Penaeus monodon) from the coastal regions of South India. Analysis was carried out by reverse-phase column (Phenomenex Luna C18) with gradient elution using mobile phase A (0.02% acetic acid in water) and mobile phase B (0.02% acetic acid in acetonitrile), at a flow rate of 200 μl min(-1) and an injection volume of 20 μl. Microwave-assisted derivatisation was achieved in 6 min with good recovery. The results showed that the samples collected from Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka contained residues of nitrofuran metabolites in the range from 5.0 to 40 ng g(-1). This work emphasises the importance of ensuring the safety of seafood and that a new method of derivatisation is applicable for the analysis of nitrofuran metabolites in seafood.

Sulphonamides and chloramphenicol antibiotics were analysed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in sea and farmed prawn (Penaeus monodon) samples obtained from the coastal region of southern India during 2011-2012. Average recoveries were 77-99% and precision was between 1% and 8%. The results revealed that in sea prawn samples neither of the two antibiotics was detected, but in farmed samples from coastal Andhra Pradesh some sulphonamides were detected in a concentration range greater than the maximum residual limit as set by Council Directive 2377/90 EC.

Sewage treatment system considered to be an inevitable step to handle the burgeoning water scarcity in the recent years. In this study a 1 MLD (Million Litres per Day) sewage treatment plant was selected and evaluated its performance efficiency for a period of 8 Weeks (02.10.2021 to 20.11.2021). The adapted treatment technology was Moving bed Bioreactor (MBBR) which is an attached biological growth method. This technology totally driven by MBBR Carrier media, which provides an enormous surface area for the microbial attachment. The treatment system has the following units such as Bar screen chamber, Grit Chamber, Oil & Grease Chamber, Equalization Tank, Anoxic Tank, MBBR Tank, Settling Tank, Filter Feed Tank, Pressure Sand Filter (PSF), Activated Carbon Filter (ACF), Chlorine dosing and Treated Water Tank. Water samples were collected from different treatment units for 10 days and analysed for the major water quality parameters such as Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total Kjeldhals Nitrogen (TKN) and Total suspended solids (TSS). The analysis showed that all treated water parameters meet the State Pollution board standards. Also the results were very much useful to prepare a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) which helps in hindrance free Operation and Maintenance of the system.

Waste water treatment system plays a vital role in controlling pollution of natural water bodies like lake, pond, river etc., by Municipal and Industrial effluents. Different industrial effluents play its own role in contaminating the water bodies which in turn creates huge impact for aquatic and terrestrial life. From past studies we understood that, all the sewage treatment systems have a secondary treatment step which are mainly driven by Bacterial oxidation or in other terms can be pronounced as Biological augmentation, Biological calcification etc., In environmental engineering term this bacterial growth will be pronounced as MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids) and MLVSS (Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids). MLVSS will be an inclusive part of the MLSS and also can be sorted as live bacterial cells which can really does the oxidation process in the secondary treatment step of Sewage treatment plant. Hence, this study was performed to evaluate the percentage or concentration of MLVSS available in the total value of MLSS. For this study aeration tank water samples were collected from 6 different STP capacities from 6 different areas. All the samples were tested for MLSS and MLVSS concentration with the available standard method of drying. Drying with 105° C in oven gives the value of MLSS and drying with 550° C in furnace gives the value of MLVSS. With all the tested samples the concentration of MLVSS from the total MLSS was evaluated and standardized.