Background and Aim: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of proteins that play a significant role in protecting cells against cellular stress. HSP70 is a conserved, sensitive, and abundant gene associated with heat stress's physiological adaptability. The objective of this study was to reveal the polymorphisms of the partial sequences of the HSP70 gene (5' untranslated region [UTR]) in seven cattle populations in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction products (551 bp) of the HSP70 gene amplified from 102 animals representing seven cattle populations (Bali, Belgian Blue × Peranakan Ongole [PO] cross, Galekan, Jabres, Madura, PO, and Rambon) were sequenced by DNA sequencing method. Results: Fourteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), generally found at a low frequency, were detected. Among these SNPs, only 1117G>A, 1125A>C, and 1204T>C were polymorphic in all the analyzed breeds. A Chi-square test showed that the majority of the loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). Varying levels of observed (0.050-0.571) and expected heterozygosity (0.049-0.500) were noted. The polymorphism information content values (0.048-0.375) indicated that the SNPs in the HSP70 gene showed low-to-moderate polymorphism in the studied populations. Thirty-six haplotypes were defined according to the identified SNPs, of which haplotype Hap5 (CGACGAGAGTGTCC) and Hap4 (CGACGAGAGTGCCC) were generally dominant in the studied samples. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship between Bali and Rambon cattle and between Galekan and Jabres cattle, while the Belgian Blue × PO crossbred cattle were farther apart. Conclusion: The polymorphisms in the 5' UTR of the HSP70 gene identified in this study should be further investigated in a larger population to unravel the association between the SNPs and thermotolerance in Indonesian local cattle populations.

Background and Aim: Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β family, is a negative regulator of muscle mass. This study aimed to detect the genetic variation of the 1160 bp fragment of exon 1 and part of intron 1 of the MSTN gene in several cattle populations raised in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction products of the MSTN gene amplified from 92 animals representing 10 cattle populations (Peranakan Ongole [PO], Belgian Blue x PO cross, Rambon, PO x Bali cross, Jabres, Galekan, Sragen, Donggala, Madura, and Bali) were sequenced, compared, and aligned with bovine MSTN of Bos taurus (GenBank Acc. No. AF320998.1) and Bos indicus (GenBank Acc. No. AY794986.1). Results: Four nucleotide substitutions (nt 1045 and 1066 in intron 1; nt 262 and 418 in exon 1) and two indels (nt 807 and 869 in intron 1) were synonymous mutations. Among these substitutions, only the nt 262G>C and nt 418A>G loci were polymorphic in all populations, except Bali cattle. The frequencies of the nt 262C (0.82) and nt 418A (0.65) alleles were highest. For the nt 262G>C locus, the CC genotype had the highest frequency (0.66) followed by GC (0.30) and CC (0.03). For the nt 418A>G locus, the AG genotype had the highest frequency (0.52) followed by AA (0.39) and GG (0.09). Conclusion: The results, showing genetic variations in exon 1 and intron 1 of the MSTN gene, might be helpful for future association studies.

ABSTRAK. Sexing spermatozoa bertujuan untuk mengatur jenis kelamin sesuai harapan. Salah satu metode sexing adalah dengan menggunakan Sentrifugasi Gradien Densitas Percoll. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui berbagai parameter motilitas menggunakan Computer-assisted Sperm Analysis dan proporsi spermatozoa X dan Y menggunakan metode Sentrifugasi Gradien Densitas Percoll dengan volume awal yang berbeda. Penelitian dilakukan di Loka Penelitian Sapi Potong Grati, Pasuruan, pada bulan Januari sampai Maret 2020. Materi yang digunakan adalah Semen Sapi Peranakan Ongole berumur ±5 tahun dan bobot badan ±700 kg sebanyak 3 ekor, motilitas masa ≥ 2+ dan motilitas individu ≥ 70%. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimental menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 perlakuan volume saat sexing yaitu P1= 1 ml, P2= 1,5 ml dan P3= 2 ml dengan ulangan 11 kali. Ulangan juga berfungsi sebagai kelompok (block). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setelah dilakukan sexing dan pendinginan hingga 5oC persentase motilitas adalah P1:71,02+10,08 %; P2: 79,63+8,65 % dan P3: 83,38+6,67 %, sedangkan motilitas progresif pada P1: 47,68+8,71%; P2: 59,61+7,26 % dan P3: 62,21+6,74%. Curvilinear Velocity (VCL) pada P1: 50,9±7,73 µm/s, P2: 55,2±5,03 µm/s dan P3: 53,2±5,97%. Straight-line Velocity (VSL) pada P1: 20,8±8,19 µm/s; P2: 21,6±6,02 µm/s; P3: 22,1±5,77 µm/s, sedangkan Average Path Velocity (VAP) pada P1: 30,2±7,82 µm/s; P2: 32,5±6,14 µm/s dan P3 : 31,5±6,18 µm/s. Linearity (LIN) pada P1: 40,2±12,26%;P2: 39,1±10,31%;P3: 39,8±7,25%. Straightness (STR) pada P1: 67,2±11,20%; P2: 65,7±10,06%;P3: 67,2±7,92% sedangkan Wobble (WOB) pada P1: 59±9,49%; P2: 58,8±8,63% dan P3: 59,1±7,74%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah motilitas dan motilitas progresif spermatozoa pada sampel dengan volume awal 2 ml lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sampel dengan volume awal 1 ml dan 1,5 ml. (Characteristics of Sexing Spermatozoa Motility in Ongole Cattle with Different Initial Volume) ABSTRACT. Sperm sexing is a technique of sorting a specific type of sperm cell to fertilize the egg cell. One of the sexing methods that can be used for spermatozoa sexing is percoll gradient density centrifugation. This research aims to find out various motility parameters using Computer-assisted Sperm Analysis and the proportion of spermatozoa X and Y using density gradient centrifugation method percoll with different initial volume. The study was conducted at Grati Beef Cattle Research Station, Pasuruan, from January to March 2020. Materials of the study were Semen of 3 Filial Ongole Cattles, aged ± 5 years, with ± 700 kg body weight, mass motility ≥ 2+, and individual motility ≥ 70%. The method used was experimental using a Randomized Group Design with 3 treatment volume when sexing i.e. T0= 1 ml, T1= 1.5 ml dan T2= 2 ml with repetition 11 times. The repetition also functions as groups (blocks). The results showed that after sexing and cooling up to 5oC, the percentage of motility is T0:71.02+10.08 %; T1: 79.63+8,65 % and T2: 83.38+6.67 %. Progressive motility on T0: 47.68+8.71%; T1: 59.61+7.26 % and T2: 62.21+6.74%. Curvilinear Velocity (VCL) on T0: 50.9±7.73 µm/s, T1: 55.2±5.03 µm/s and T2: 53.2±5.97%. Straight-line Velocity (VSL) on T0: 20.8±8.19 µm/s; T1: 21.6±6.02 µm/s; T2: 22.1±5.77 µm/s. The Average Path Velocity (VAP) on T0: 30.2±7.82 µm/s; T1: 32.5±6.14 µm/s and T2 : 31.5±6.18 µm/s. Linearity (LIN) on T0: 40.2±12.26%; T1: 39.1±10.31%;T2: 39.8±7.25%. Straightness (STR) on T0: 67.2±11.20%; T1: 65.7±10.06%; T2: 67.2±7.92%. Wobble (WOB) on T0: 59±9.49%; T1: 58.8±8.63% and T2: 59.1±7.74%. The conclusion of the study is the motility and progressive motility of spermatozoa in samples with an initial volume of 2 ml is better than samples with an initial volume of 1 ml and 1.5 ml.

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Gertak Berahi dan Inseminasi Buatan (GBIB) programme was expected to support national self-sufficiency in beef. This study aims to evaluate level of succesness on GBIB Program in Central Sulawesi. Research was conducted with periodicly survey and interview using questionnaire by random sampling respondent. The parameters were the number of cattles selected (target and actual), as acceptors, injection of PGF2α, and response of respondents. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that realization of the actual injection of PGF2α and AI were lowest in the district Poso and Toli-Toli.The highest realization of GBIB activity was in District of Bangkep and Kota Palu; While the realiasation of GBIB activities in accordance with the target or near the target was in District of Banggai, Morowali, North Morowali, Buol and less than target, were District of Tojo Una-Una, Donggala, Sigi, and Parigi Mautoring. Response GBIB implementation activities at the district of Central Sulawesi were very good, as shown by their procurement processes, socialization, coordination and good response of farmer acceptor, but the achievements of realization are still lacking, especially injection PGF2α and AI 2th . Issues program GBIB includes shortage additional medical personnel, AI, pregnancy examinations and facilities infrastructures. It was concluded that the GBIB program in Central Sulawesi Province was quite successful, as the realization was in line with the target.