Background: Cervical cancer is one of the common cancers among women worldwide, with increasing incidence. This study was designed to assess the role of cervical cytology in detecting the various cervical lesions predisposed to cervical cancer with the special emphasis on squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and to predict the prevalence of these lesions and their association with Human papilloma virus (HPV). Patients and methods: This study enrolled 3500 women aged 17 years and above, presented with cervical lesions and attended for cytological evaluation of cervical smears. The data was retrieved from the archives of these patients for the period from January 2017 to December 2021.  All results were classified according to Bethesda system (2014) and statistically analyzed. Results:  the cytological examinations revealed that 91.7% of the submitted cases were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM). Abnormal cellular changes were reported in 8.3% of the cases; Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was the most common abnormality representing 4.7%, while High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion constituted 0.5% of the total cases. A HPV-DNA test was done to 220 cases; 52 cases (23.6%) were positive, most of them (73%) were of low-risk genotypes while high risk genotypes were reported in 27% of the cases. Conclusion: the cervical squamous abnormality has formed a low prevalence rate while HPV-DNA test has been detected in a considerable proportion of Iraqi patients. This fact discloses alarming evidence of a growing problem in the population that needs to introduce a screening program for early diagnosis of precancerous cervical lesions.

Squamous cell carcinoma of larynx is one of the most common malignant neoplasms of the head and neck. Carcinoma of the larynx represents 2.2% of all cancers in men and 0.4% in women, with predilection of old aged men of more than 50 years rather than women. Smoking is the main risk factor. Alcohol, nutritional factors and virus as   Human papillomavirus (HPV) play a role in the pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma. Programmed death-ligand (PDL1) is the new introduced marker that be considered as treatment target nowadays in addition to its prognostic application. Aims of study: This study was designed to assess the predictive the role of PDL1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in comparison with other prognostic markers (P53 and Ki-67). Results: The current study revealed that PDL1 expression was reported in about 20 % of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and 10% in premalignant, while it was negative in benign laryngeal lesions. Others markers; P53 protein was shown to be positive in around 42.5 percent of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, 40 percent of premalignant laryngeal lesions, and about 12 percent of benign laryngeal lesions.

The aim: The study aimed assessment of immunohistochemical expression of ER, PR, Ki-67 and HER2 in breast carcinoma, studied the relation between size of primary tumor and these markers and distribution of molecular subtypes between both study groups. Materials and methods: The study was implemented immunohistochemistry laboratories of Al-Sadder Teaching Medical City in Al Najaf during the period from September 2020-september2021, forty four women with breast carcinoma who undergone modified radical mastectomy were involved in this study, aged between 29 -81 years, mean age being 47.3 yr. we divided study group into two categories; depending on tumor size, with cutoff point of 2 cm. Envision technique applied for evaluation of expression of ER, PR, Ki-67 and HER2. Results: Among all patients, ER expressed in 70.45%, PR in 68.18%, HER2/neu in 18.18%, High ki-67 index in 52.27%. Conclusions: Molecular subtype luminal A tend to occur in smaller tumor size compared to basal subtype which tend to occur in larger size of tumors. Breast carcinoma tumor size showed no significant correlation regarding histological grade, immunohistochemical expression of ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67 labeling index.

Squamous cell carcinoma of larynx is one of the most common malignant neoplasms of the head and neck. Carcinoma of the larynx represents 2.2% of all cancers in men and 0.4% in women, with predilection of old aged men of more than 50 years rather than women. Smoking is the main risk factor. Alcohol, nutritional factors and virus as   Human papillomavirus (HPV) play a role in the pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma. Programmed death-ligand (PDL1) is the new introduced marker that be considered as treatment target nowadays in addition to its prognostic application. Aims of study: This study was designed to assess the predictive the role of PDL1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in comparison with other prognostic markers (P53 and Ki-67).Results: The current study revealed that PDL1 expression was reported in about 20 % of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and 10% in premalignant, while it was negative in benign laryngeal lesions. Others markers; P53 protein was shown to be positive in around 42.5 percent of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, 40 percent of premalignant laryngeal lesions, and about 12 percent of benign laryngeal lesions.