More harmful errors are reported in ICU than non-ICU settings. Medication errors occur frequently in the administration phase in the ICU. When errors occur, patients and their caregivers are rarely informed. Consideration should be given to developing additional safeguards against ICU errors, particularly during drug administration, and eliminating barriers to error disclosures.

Background: Evidence-based guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) have recommended a high (80%) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) to reduce surgical site infection in adult surgical patients undergoing general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation. However, there is ongoing debate over the safety of high FiO 2 . We performed a systematic review to define the relative risk of clinically relevant adverse events (AE) associated with high FiO 2 . Methods: We reviewed potentially relevant articles from the WHO review supporting the recommendation, including an updated (July 2018) search of EMBASE and PubMed for randomised and non-randomised controlled studies reporting AE in surgical patients receiving 80% FiO 2 compared with 30e35% FiO 2 . We assessed study quality and performed meta-analyses of risk ratios (RR) comparing 80% FiO 2 against 30e35% for major complications, mortality, and intensive care admission. Results: We included 17 moderateegood quality trials and two non-randomised studies with serious-critical risk of bias. No evidence of harm with high FiO 2 was found for major AE in the meta-analysis of randomised trials: atelectasis RR 0.91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59e1.42); cardiovascular events RR 0.90 (95% CI 0.32e2.54); intensive care admission RR 0.93 (95% CI 0.7e1.12); and death during the trial RR 0.49 (95% CI 0.17e1.37). One non-randomised study reported that high FiO 2 was associated with major respiratory AE [RR 1.99 (95% CI 1.72e2.31)]. Conclusions: No definite signal of harm with 80% FiO 2 in adult surgical patients undergoing general anaesthesia was demonstrated and there is little evidence on safety-related issues to discourage its use in this population.