This study aims to determine the effect of government spending and population on local revenue in Makassar City. The analysis method used in this research is multiple linear regression. Based on the results of the calculation of SPSS version 2.3, it shows that government spending has a positive and significant effect on Regional Original Income (PAD) in Makassar City, where the regression coefficient is 1.108 with a significant level of 0.011 (0.011 0.05). Meanwhile, the population has a negative and significant effect on Regional Original Income (PAD) in Makassar City, where the regression coefficient is -5.861 with a significant level of 0.003 (0.003 0.05).

Penelitian ini bermaksud mendeskripsikan kesantunan bahasa lisan guru dalam proses belajar-mengajar di SMP Negeri 35 Makassar. Hal yang mendorong peneliti melakukan penelitian ini adalah karena dalam proses belajar-mengajar terjadi beberapa jenis komunikasi, yaitu komunikasi guru – siswa, siswa – guru, dan siswa – siswa. Namun, fokus penelitian ini adalah tuturan guru terhadap siswa. Hal lain yang memotivasi penulis adalah faktor heterogenitas peserta tutur, yaitu bervariasinya latar belakang peserta tutur di SMP Negeri 35 Makassar, khusunya guru. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik observasi yang meliputi teknik simak bebas libat cakap, yaitu peneliti melakukan pengamatan terhadap situasi di kelas tanpa melibatkan diri dalam percakapan. Sedangkan teknik rekam dimaksudkan peneliti merekam percakapan atau pembicaraan di kelas dengan menggunakan tape recorder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 581 tuturan guru yang diperoleh dan 59% di antaranya dikategorikan santun. Faktor- faktor yang memengaruhi kesantunan bahasa guru adalah faktor jarak sosial antara guru dan siswa, faktor penguasaan aspek kebahasaan, dalam hal ini penguasaan guru tentang kaidah-kaidah kesantunan bahasa, dan faktor kedewasaan guru. Penanda kesantunan yang ditemukan adalah adanya penggunaan kata-kata ‘mohon’, ‘tolong’, ‘ayo’, ‘mari’. Selain itu, guru juga berusaha menyantunkan tuturan dengan menggunakan skala ketidaklangsungan tuturan dan pemberian pilihan dalam bertutur

Verbal interactions will occur when both the teacher/lecturer and learners could completely understand what each other means. It happens verbally among the teacher and learners during the teaching learning activity (Mardiana et al., 2019). This study was mainly conducted to examine the University students’ perception on verbal interaction through WhatsApp chat group. This study used qualitative descriptive method was used to achieve the objective of this study. Observation and a questionnaire were adopted as tools for data collection. A total number of samples was 14 English as a Foreign Language learners in university students. The analysis of the data revealed that university students’ perception on verbal interaction gave the positive feedback towards WhatsApp chat group. This proves that ordinarily learners selected agree with utilizing WhatsApp chat group in doing verbal interaction. Hence, utilizing of WhatsApp chat group can be recommended as an efficient technique in verbal interaction for teaching and learning process.

Mobile technology plays an equal role with face-to-face interaction in the learning process in this current era. One of the most commonly utilized technologies is the use of social media integrated with the face-to-face teaching and learning as called a blended-learning. This recent study aims: (1) to investigate how the blended learning process is operated, (2) to determine students’ perceptions in learning English through blended learning. This study was an explanatory mixed-method research design using observation, questionnaire, and interview as instruments to collect data from the purposively selected 26 students. The results of this study indicated that the process of learning English through blended learning both offline (face-to-face) and online (WhatsApp application) was well-implemented. Besides, students also showed a lot of positive perceptions when learning English through blended learning utilizing social media of WhatsApp and through the face-to-face form of language learning interaction. Thus, the researchers concluded that blended learning maintains essential behavioral, cognitive, and emotional aspects in English learning.

This study aims to determine the effect of implementing a realistic mathematics education approach (PMR) on mathematics learning outcomes and self-confidence of grade VII students at SMP Negeri 4 Takalar. The type of research to be used is quantitative research with quasi-experimental methods. The classes to be studied are class VII B as the experimental class and class VII A as the control class. Data collection was carried out by providing instruments in the form of a pretest and self-confidence questionnaire to obtain initial data on students 'mathematics learning outcomes and self-confidence tests, then instruments in the form of posttest, and self-confidence questionnaires to obtain final data on students' mathematics learning outcomes and self-confidence. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS 25 program, which consists of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, gain analysis, prerequisite tests, and hypothesis testing. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is an effect of implementing a realistic mathematics education approach on mathematics learning outcomes and students' self-confidence.