Introduction: Fluoride is essential for the growth and development of teeth and bone. Excess or less fluoride consumption can have harmful effects on our bodies. Fluoride level of 0.5-1.5 mg/l is said to be optimized according to the World Health Organization. The level of fluoride varies among the different geographical regions and water sources. It is essential to find out the fluoride content of various water sources used for drinking purposes. The aim of this study was to find the mean concentration of fluoride in drinking water sources of a municipality. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a Municipality. The study was conducted from 1 December 2021 to 30 December 2021 after receiving ethical approval from the Ethical Review Board (Reference number: 1134). Water samples were collected and the fluoride content was estimated using 2-parasulfophenylazo-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-napthalene-disulfonate colorimetric method. The data collected from the laboratory were calculated and presented in the form of a table. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: The mean value of fluoride content in 160 collected water samples was 0.369±0.275 mg/l (0.33-0.41, 95% Confidence Interval). Among the different wards, the fluoride content was 0.708±0.27 mg/l in ward number 12 followed by a fluoride content of 0.57±0.19 mg/l in ward number 5. Conclusions: In this study, the mean fluoride levels were lower when compared with similar studies conducted in similar settings. The levels were lower than that recommended by the World Health Organization. The various controlled methods of fluoridation have to be quickly initiated. Other means of fluoride consumption, like the use of fluoridated toothpaste, has to be recommended.

Introduction: COVID-19 vaccination has begun in many countries in the world and in Nepal too. However, many doctors and dentists have been reported missing in the vaccination program. Moreover, many those vaccinated had reported with several adverse effects along with being tested COVID-19 positive. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and perception of medical doctors and dentists towards COVID-19 vaccination program in Bharatpur. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using self-administered questionnaire survey among Nepal medical council registered Doctors and Dentist in Bharatpur during July 15, 2021 to September 15, 2021. The collected data was entered into Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 26, and analyzed using descriptive statistical tool (frequency, percentages). Results: The majority of the participants 160 (88.9%) were of age 25-30 years. Most of them 176 (97.8%) participants were vaccinated against COVID-19, among which 152 (84.4 %) received both the doses of vaccine. Majority of them 144 (77.8%) received AstraZeneca vaccine while 101 (56.1) experienced adverse symptoms. Among the participants, 121 (67.2%) participants replied that Covishield vaccine was developed on non-replicating vector platforms. Conclusions: Majority of the participants of the study had taken COVID-19 vaccine which shows the negative hesitancy towards this deadly virus and importance vaccine for themselves and their patients too. The medical doctors and dentists need to be updated with the COVID-19 vaccine information.