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Self-medication refers to the consumption of drugs such as antibiotics by individuals based on their own experience and knowledge, without consulting a doctor either for diagnosis or prescription. The inappropriate use of antibiotics is the primary source of antibiotic resistance (AR) development in microorganisms. As a result, some specific types of microorganisms that are naturally resistant to antibiotics have become considerably more common. Self-medication poses a danger to the advantages of antibiotics since it results in financial burdens on low and middle-income countries (LMICs), management failures, the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacterial serotypes, and a higher risk of contamination of the general population by such tensions. Antibiotic misuse puts patients at risk for adverse drug reactions, false symptom relief, and the rise of drug-resistant microorganisms. It carries many health risks, chiefly in LMICs. These risks are linked to various factors, including a shortage of medical experts, low-level healthcare facilities, unregulated medication delivery, and negative public perceptions of doctors. The primary issue with self-medication is that majority of the population is uninformed of the harmful consequences of antibiotic resistance and how they might donate to it by self-diagnosing and self-treating with antibiotics. Antibiotic self-medication remains a common practice in society, and educational attainment significantly affects the frequency of this behavior. The article aims to educate the people by showing the development and plausible future to decrease antibiotic misuse. It also tells about the various challenges and prevention of this preceding problem.

Cancer has been one of the major illnesses faced by people over many generations. Despite the advancements made in medicine, there are still many problems faced by humankind. Every year a large number of people are diagnosed with cervical cancer. It is the most common type of cancerous condition prevalent among females, especially females over thirty years of age. Like any other cancer, cervical cancer also occurs because of the rapid uncontrolled division of the body cells. A primary reason for its development is the longstanding infection of certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). A screening test is done to confirm the presence of the virus in the cervix. Many screening tests are available today for accurate diagnosis or confirmation of the condition being suffered from. The main goal of screening is early detection and making certain lifestyle changes to deduce the potential harm of the disease and start the treatment as soon as possible. A thorough study of the already published articles by scholars, professors, and doctors is carried out to conclude the necessity of cervical cancer screening and early detection.

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Metaverse is a relatively new concept of technological advancement for the world. Various sectors such as finance, entertainment, and communication are the forefront admirers of these innovations. Alongside these, the field of medicine has recently been on the list of metaverse-benefiting domains. Various aspects of medicine, such as educational and teaching purposes, surgical simulations, conferences and meetings, awareness programmes, research programmes, and many more, are under research. Depending on the requirement, the metaverse is a versatile platform which can be modulated accordingly, thus providing a flexible tool for medical development. In this review article, these domains are discussed in depth along with the pros and cons of the same, which positively affect the productivity of the field of medicine. All these headings have been through minimal study and experimentation, and the results obtained from them are satisfactory in terms of study. The primary purpose of the review article is to provide a suggestive statement regarding domains of the metaverse and their usage as a vital tool of operation in the future of medicine.