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This paper compares the most utilized spread spectrum technique with the newly evolved technique based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) for watermarking digital images. Both techniques are tested for a variety of attacks and the simulation results show that the watermarks generated by these techniques have complimentary robustness properties. A new hybrid technique, combining both paradigms, is proposed that is capable of surviving an extremely wide range of attacks. An image is first watermarked using spread spectrum and then a SVD based watermark is added to the watermarked image. The resulting double watermarked image is extremely robust to a wide range of distortions.

Facial expression recognition (FER) has good applications in different aspects of day-to-day life.But not yet realized due to unavailability of effective expression recognition techniques. This paper discusses the application of Gabor filter based feature extraction by using feed-forward neural networks (classifier) for recognition of four different facial expressions from still pictures of the human face. The study presented here gives simple method in facial expression recognition. The study presented here gives 72.50% recognition of facial expression for the entire database of JAFEE. In this study the Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) database used which contains expressers that expressed expressions.

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