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International medical graduates (IMGs) constitute about 23-28 % of the medical workforce providing support and contribution to the UK, Canada, USA and Australia. This review will inform the need for trainers, deaneries and colleges to plan and develop strategies to enhance the potential of IMGs. The authors aim to review and

The global climate change stabilization regime will have a bearing on future emission pathways of each nation. Corresponding to a combination of stabilization targets and a future global socioeconomic and technology scenario, there are national emissions pathways that when aggregated would make the global regime most cost effective. The underlying hypothesis of this article is that the dis aggregated national (regional) scenarios, with explicit inclusion of developing country dynamics in scenario constructions and modeling frameworks, would enhance the qualitative and quantitative understanding of emissions pathways and mitigation strategies compared with the present exercises. The scenario construction for India pays specific attention to developing country dynamics, including multiple socioeconomic and demographic transitions. The article also delineates the lessons for modeling of these transitions in developing countries. The emissions pathways discussion, to begin with, considers lOO-year nonintervention scenarios. For the business-as-usual scenario, the optimal portfolio of mitigation interventions in India corresponding to 550ppm (by volume) global concentration stabilization is presented. In conclusion, the article asserts the need for realistic inclusion of developing country transitions in global scenarios and modeling exercises so as to improve the emissions assessments and delineation of mitigation strategies for stabilization.

The chemical composition and the in vitro antifungal and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng leaves have been studied. The yield of M. koenigii leaf essential oil (MKLEO) recorded as 0.52% which is higher than those reported earlier. Altogether 43 compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis representing 99.79% of the total composition of the oil, among which 3-carene, β-pinene, α-pinene, linalool, α-eudesmol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-amorphene, allo-ocimene, sabinene, γ-terpinene, linalyl acetate, myrcene, β-eudesmol, carvone, limonene, β-elemene, α-terpineol were major constituents. Antifungal activity of MKLEO was tested against ten pathogenic fungi and it was found effective in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, MKLEO was found to exhibit superior radical scavenging potency and reducing power with IC50 and RP50 values close to those of the standards.

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