Rapeseed is a leading oilseed crop of Nepal occupying 85% of total oilseed cultivation area. This research was conducted to determine the response of different sowing dates on different rapeseed varieties in their final yield under the rain fed condition in Phulbari, Dang. Two rapeseed varieties Unnati and Surkhet Local on three dates of sowing Oct 4, Oct 24 and Nov 14 were tested under two factorial RCBD design in the year 2018 A.D. Data consisted growth attributes like plant height, branch per plant, no. of siliqua per plant, aborted siliqua and siliqua abortion percentage and yield attributes such as biological yield, biomass yield, seed yield, harvest index and test weight. Statistically no difference was found between varieties whereas differences were found on different sowing dates. Result showed that among the varieties, the highest yield (8.59 q/ha) was obtained in Surkhet Local than in Unnati (8.54 q/ha). In case of sowing dates, higher seed yield was obtained in Oct 4 sown crop (15.93 q/ha) followed by Oct 24 (7.47 q/ha) and Nov 14 (2.29 q/ha).The higher seed yield obtained in early sowing is due to shorter vegetative and longer reproductive phase. The comparison of mean values of the seed yield for interaction between variety and sowing date showed that variety Surkhet Local sown in Oct 4 plant had the highest seed yield (16.33 q/ha) followed by variety Unnati on same sowing date (15.54 q/ha). Based on the result obtained, Surkhet Local*Oct 4 performed better in Dang condition.

Modern biotechnology enables an organism to produce a totally new product which the organism does not or cannot produce normally through the incorporation of the technology of ‘Genetic engineering’. Biotechnology shows its technical merits and new development prospects in breeding of new plants varieties with high and stable yield, good quality, as well as stress tolerance and resistance. Some of the most prevailing problems faced in agricultural ecosystems could be solved with the introduction of transgenic crops incorporated with traits for insect pest resistance, herbicide tolerance and resistance to viral diseases. Plant biotechnology has gained importance in the recent past for increasing the quality and quantity of agricultural, horticultural, ornamental plants, and in manipulating the plants for improved agronomic performance. Recent developments in the genome sequencing will have far reaching implications for future agriculture. From this study, we can know that the developing world adopts these fast-changing technologies soon and harness their unprecedented potential for the future benefit of human being.

This study was carried out in Morang district of Nepal. A list of all farmers involved in fish farming in the study areas was collected from PMAMP fish zone office Morang. Data were obtained by sampling 70 farmers; 25 from Rangeli municipality, 25 from Dhanpalthan and 20 from Katahari rural municipalities involved in commercial or semi-commercial fish farming. Also 15 consumers and 15 traders were taken by simple random sampling technique. Various analytical software's were utilized for the analysis of the data obtained. SPSS, MS-EXCEL, STATA was used to get the analyzed result. Long marketing channels are one of the reasons for increased marketing costs and bring inefficiency in marketing which results in the loss in the consumers' welfare and producers' share. In long marketing channel farmers get 45%-55% of the consumer price and the rest was absorbed by the traders present in the identified channels of marketing. Market channel signifies how the product is transfer in the market from the farmer level to consumer-level through different levels. Out of total respondents, 42.86% of respondents responded that the fish is sold to the commission agent/middleman followed by the wholesaler to retailer and finally to the consumer. A basic skill for minimizing the post-harvest loss of fish from spoilage was ice and refrigerator. There is a significant price variation between the price received by farmers with and without the middleman. The findings will be beneficial for planners, policymakers, project implementers, farmers and donors to formulate, policy, strategy and plan; it implies awareness among farmers from not being exploited in the market system.