Introduction: The lesions of urinary bladder both non-neoplastic and neoplastic pose a common source of both morbidity and mortality. An accurate diagnosis of these lesions requires cystoscopy which allows a direct visualization of the bladder mucosa and biopsies of suspected lesions. Urinary bladder cancer is sixth most common cancer worldwide and represents a heterogeneous group of neoplasms. The current study aimed to study the different bladder lesions and its clinical features to detect it in early stage and as a mainstay option in the diagnosis and follow up.  Materials and methods: This was a retrospective analysis of biopsies of urinary bladder submitted to the department of pathology over a period of 12 months. The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Universal College of Medical Sciences (UCMS-TH). All the urinary bladder biopsies received in the department were included in the study whereas autolysis of specimen and inadequate biopsies were excluded.  Results: Among the 36 cases of urinary bladder lesions, the majority (35.36%) were in age group 61-70 years (22.33%). The patients had combination of lower urinary tract symptoms, the commonest being hematuria. 30.55%  had non-neoplastic lesions and 69.55% had neoplastic lesion. Among non- neoplastic cases, 5.55% had chronic granulomatous inflammation. Most common neoplastic lesions was infiltrating urothelial carcinoma (n=6) followed by non- invasive urothelial neoplasia (n=5).  Conclusion: A variety of lesions occur in urinary bladder and is commonly encountered by pathologist. Hematuria was commonest symptom and the clinicians investigated these patients further, which led to discovery of the urothelial tumors. Identification of these patients has an important impact on prognosis as well as on therapeutic approach.

BACKGROUND: Ocular malignant tumors are relatively rare compared to other eye lesions, require immediate diagnosis and management. But ignorant care due to unawareness of persons can result into debility, loss of vision, and occasionally life is jeopardized.1 The aim of the study is to determine the frequency of most common neoplastc lesions of conjunctiva with histopathologically confirmed diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was a retrospective cross-sectional study done in a period of two years (January 2011  December 2012) that included120 patients who presented  with conjunctival lesions to the pathology department of  Universal College of Medical Science, Bhairahawa, Nepal.  RESULTS: In this study out of 120 biopsies which were histopathologically diagnosed as conjunctival neoplasms were categorized into benign, dysplastic and malignant lesion and was common after second decade of life. Majority of cases (75 cases, 62.5%) were categorized as benign lesion with predominance of squamous papilloma (n=25) and nevus (n=21), followed by malignant lesion (27 cases, 22.5%) and dysplastic lesions (18 cases, 15%). Amongst malignancies, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most prevalent and a case of malignant melanoma was studied. Dysplastic lesion included conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) with and without squamous papilloma. CONCLUSION: Histopathology plays an important role in diagnosis of conjunctival lesions and rules out different categories of neoplastic lesions on routine basis. In this study Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 20.01% is the most common malignant tumor of conjunctiva. The next majority of cases diagnosed as the verrucuous carcinoma 1.66% and malignant melanoma 0.83% maximum case of malignant cases diagnosed in the age group of more than 50 years.  Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2016) Vol.04 No.01 Issue 13, Page: 32-35

INTRODUCTION: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of the thyroid gland is now a well-established, first line diagnostic test for the evaluation of thyroid lesions. An FNA is performed along with Thyroid Function Test (TFT) profile to correlate cytology with hormonal function in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients. MATERIALAND METHODS: Total of 117 cases of FNAC of thyroid lesions were selected who had undergone TFT profile. The lesions were evaluated cytologically and categorized according to Bethesda System of classification and correlated with TFT profile. RESULTS: Out of 117 cases studied, the middle aged (20-49 years) females were most commonly affected by thyroid diseases. The predominant lesions cytologically were Benign Follicular Nodule (BFN) with frequency of 51.3%.With respect to hormonal status most of the lesions were Euthyroid (53.8%). The study showed no significant difference in mean of TFT profile with regard to various FNAC diagnoses. CONCLUSION: The study showed that FNAC and TFT profile both are essential for the proper management of thyroid lesions and, there is no significant difference between FNAC diagnosis and mean TFT profile.