DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v1i1.13303KYAMC Journal Vol.1(1) July 2010, 24-26

Women of middle age having a vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) after hysterectomy represent a devastatingcondition for the surgeon as well as patient in the society. Accurate diagnosis and proper preoperative planning are essential to see a successful outcome. Herein, we report a case of simple VVF developed after abdominal hysterectomy of middle-aged woman repaired successfully and reviewed of literature for simple VVF management and described the pathophysiology of fistula development. We performed a bibliography search carried on Pubmed using keyword "Vesicovaginal Fistula.KYAMC Journal Vol. 9, No.-3, October 2018, Page 136-138

Background: Rising of multidrug resistance among uropathogenic bacteria is leading our future generation to a crisis. Nevertheless, the era of antibiotic failure due to bacterial resistance has brought interest to other medical science like Traditional Medicine, alternative medicine. Objectives: This study was undertaken to determine the current antibiotic resistance situation among common bacterial uropathogens and suggesting prevention measure. Materials and Methods: A total of 212 patients male 132,female 80 selected. Mid-urine samples were collected. Isolated organisms were identified by conventional methods. Then different antibiotics representing different families of antibiotics were tested on isolated organisms. Results: The most frequently isolated gram negative bacteria was E.Coli (92%) followed by Staphylococcus(7.07%),Klebsiella(7%), Pseudomonas(4.25%). Resistance to Amoxicilline, Ciprofloxacin, Cefixim, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxim, Cefradin, Cefotaxim was more than 70% of all isolates of E.Coli stains. There was relatively low resistance rate to Nitrofurantoin, Gentamycin,Imipenem, Meropenem, Amikacin, Ceftazidim . However, there was emerging resistance to Ciprofloxacin, specially for common bacteria. Conclusion: It is urgent need to make a policy for antibiotics use . We suggest all health care professional of traditional medicine and modern medicine to combat against antibiotics resistance. KYAMC Journal.2021;12(1): 32-35

Purpose: We reviewed the literatures to see history, regimen of BCG and how BCG become a standard therapy for bladder carcinoma.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the previous literature describing the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine as an anticancer agent and its success as the most effective immunotherapy used against human bladder cancer and its adverse effects.Results: The association between tuberculosis and carcinoma is well established, It demonstrate that Bacillus Calmette-Guerin have immunological reactivity, inhibiting the tumor growth and progression in experimental animal models, led to clinical trials showing that intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin eradicate and prevent recurrence and progression of superficial bladder carcinoma The exact mechanism of action of intravesical BCG instillation is still under investigation. However, it appears that BCG is mediated by the local immune response, mainly through T-helper cell response. It reduces the recurrence rate by an average of 40% and progression by more than 20% in papillary tumors, Carcinoma-in-situ over the patients without BCG therapy.Conclusions: For the last 45 yrs Bacillus Calmette- Guerin therapy has remained first line intravesical immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer, an outstanding example of successful immunotherapy.KYAMC Journal Vol. 8, No.-1, Jul 2017, Page 56-60

Objective: To review the current understanding of testicular pain, possible etiology and the available treatment options. Materials and Methods: A literature search was made for abstract, original and review articles in the Medline, hand-searched relevant reference lists and conference proceedings and medical text book using the word “testicular pain” and orchialgia to find out possible etiology, understanding of testicular pain and treatment options. Results: After literature search, it has found that management of testicular pain sometimes a challenging work for an Urologist. Management differs for the original etiology and for testicular and extra testicular causes. Sometimes symptomatic treatment improve the quality of life but in few cases surgery is mandatory for relieve of pain. Conclusions: Management of chronic testicular pain depends on careful assessment of the causes. Relieve of symptoms is not always possible with analgesic only, in that case blockade of the spermatic cord will be helpful. Decision for surgery should not be undertaken quickly for there is no guarantee that there will always be resolution of pain For that reason patient should be counseled accordingly. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 15, No. 1, Jan 2012 p.18-20