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Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha-2/ delta subunit 1 (CACNA2D1) gene plays an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in muscle-cells, glial cells and neurons. The CACNA2D1 gene may be one of the candidate genes related with some phenotypic traits due to its location in QTLs associated with Somatic cell score (SCS ) and mastitis. A total of 120 Sahiwal cattle were selected to characterize exon 19 of CACNA2D1 gene to identify polymorphism and its association with mastitis susceptibility/resistance. A 249 bp PCR fragment of CACNA2D1 gene encompassing the exon 19 and partial intronic region was amplified and digested with Hae III to screen the SNP which was significantly associated with SCS. Genotype analysis using PCR-RFLP revealed a monomorphic banding pattern. Sequencing was also carried out to explore other SNPs which are deposited in dbSNP in the nucleotide sequence of a particular region. This study provides preliminary information that the targeted region of CACNA2D1 gene in indigenous cattle has no significant association with mastitis resistance which may be a breed specific characteristic.

First lactation records of 351 Karan-Fries cows born to 27 bulls, having 3 or more progeny were used to evaluate sires by animal model (AM). Heritabilities, genetic and phenotypic correlations between the traits were estimated by univariate and bivariate linear animal models. The heritability estimates for 305 days or less milk yield (305MY), fat based energy corrected milk yield (FECMY), fat protein based energy corrected milk yield (FPECMY) and fat protein lactose based energy corrected milk yield (FPLECMY) were 0.23, 0.65, 0.11 and 0.39, respectively. There was a high (0.99) genetic and phenotypic correlation between 305MY, FECMY and FPLECMY. The high and positive genetic correlations between energy traits are indication of common genetic and physiological mechanism governing these traits. Comparison of ranks of the sires based on 305MY, FECMY and FPLECMY by animal model depicted a notable100 per cent level of similarity except for FPECMY in which the ranks were entirely different. There was a high heritability and genetic correlation between FECM and FPLECM. Genetic evaluation of Karan-Fries bulls based on energy corrected milk yield will increase the accuracy of selection than the conventional mil yield evaluation. It can help in mitigating the nutritional insecurity of the country in the long run.

The assessment of distribution network (DN) for reduce the losses and improve power quality, obtaining precise allocation of distributed generation (DG) and distribution static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) is mandatory in DN. This paper shows DN analysis with allocation of DG and D-STATCOM for various cases. The nature inspired metaheuristic method, the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is proposed to obtain the precise allocation of DG and D-STATCOM individually and simultaneously in DN for power losses reduction and total annual energy saving for distribution network operator. To check the performance of algorithm, it is tested on IEEE 33 and IEEE 69 buses DN for various positions of DG and D-STATCOM in DN. The proposed algorithm's performance is compared by some existing algorithms. It is found that proposed technique is able to reduce losses and annual energy saving in distribution network.