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Purpose Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that directly affects joints. However, other body organs including heart, eyes, skin, blood vessels and lungs may also be affected. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a nanoemulgel formulation of diflunisal (DIF) and solubility enhanced diflunisal (DIF-IC) for enhanced topical anti-inflammatory activity. Methodology Nanoemulsion formulations of both DIF and DIF-IC were prepared and incorporated in three different gelling agents, namely carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na), sodium alginate (Na-ALG) and xanthan gum (XG). All the formulations were evaluated in term of particle size, pH, conductivity, viscosity, zeta potential and in vitro drug release. The formulation 2 (NE2) of both DIF and DIF-IC which expressed optimum release and satisfactory physicochemical properties was incorporated with gelling agents to produce final nanoemulgel formulations. The optimized nanoemulgel formulation was subjected to three different in vivo anti-inflammatory models including carrageenan-induced paw edema model, histamine-induced paw edema model and formalin-induced paw edema model. Results DIF-IC-loaded nanoemulgel formulations yielded significantly enhanced in vitro skin permeation than DIF-loaded nanoemulgel. The nanoemulgel formulation of DIF-IC formulated with XG produced improved in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion It was recommended that DIF-IC-based nanoemulgel formulation prepared with XG could be a better option for effective topical treatment of inflammatory conditions.

Glimepiride (GMP), an oral hypoglycemic agent is extensively employed in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Transdermal delivery of GMP has been widely investigated as a promising alternative to an oral approach but the delivery of GMP is hindered owing to its low solubility and permeation. The present study was designed to formulate topical nanoemulgel GMP system and previously reported solubility enhanced glimepiride (GMP/βCD/GEL-44/16) in combination with anti-diabetic oil to enhance the hypoglycemic effect. Nanoemulsions were developed using clove oil, Tween-80, and PEG-400 and were gelled using xanthan gum (3%, w/w) to achieve the final nanoemulgel formulations. All of the formulations were evaluated in terms of particle size, zeta potential, pH, conductivity, viscosity, and in vitro skin permeation studies. In vivo hypoglycemic activity of the optimized nanoemulgel formulations was evaluated using a streptozocin-induced diabetes model. It was found that a synergistic combination of GMP with clove oil improved the overall drug permeation across the skin membrane and the hypoglycemic activity of GMP. The results showed that GMP/βCD/GEL-44/16-loaded nanoemulgel enhanced the in vitro skin permeation and improved the hypoglycemic activity in comparison with pure and marketed GMP. It is suggested that topical nano emulsion-based GMP gel and GMP/βCD/GEL-44/16 could be an effective alternative for oral therapy in the treatment of diabetes.

Background and objective: The Fenugreek seeds effect on vagina rat's estrous andits galactogogualactivity were suggested to their estrogen and/or progesterone like action. Accordingly, this study is concerning with the role of different doses of Fenugreek seeds, that may play, on mature,perimature immature rat's ovary. Materials and Methords: A total of 135, healthy virgin female Norway albino rats were used for the study. Fenugreek seeds were administrated by oro-gastric tube to the experimental rats. The rats were divided according to their age into three groups, namely, mature,perimature and immature. Each group was subdivided into subgroups according to the dose of Fenugreek seeds (0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg/g bod weight) used. Ovaries of these rats were processed for histological study. Results: This study showed an increase on ovarian size of all experimental subgroups, compared with control groups. Histological study of the ovaries revealed marked increase in the mean number of all types of growing follicles (folliculogenisis) and the total structures in the ovaries. The increase in the thickness of theca interna was prominentin all experimental subgroups. Conclusion: The data obtained from this study elicit that crude Fenugreek seeds possess estrogen like action which can be performed by their direct action or through diosgenin biotransformation to estrogen inside the ovary. This estrogen enhance folliculogenisis indirectly. The histological findings of mature, Perimature and immature rats treated with Fenugreek seeds was nearly identical, irrespective of the doses used in this study.